The disposal of industrial waste poses a significant environmental challenge, often leading to pollution and degradation of surrounding and terrestrial ecosystems. This study investigates the sustainable valorization of such wastes through the development of one-part geopolymer mortars. Solid sodium silicate was employed as a dry alkali activator for binary blends comprising ground granulated blast-furnace slag (GGBS), clay brick powder (CBP), steel slag (SS), and fly ash (FA), with all mixtures cured under ambient conditions. The mortars were evaluated in terms of fresh properties (flow and setting time) and hardened characteristics, including compressive strength, density, water absorption, and porosity. Durability performance was assessed through mass loss, visual degradation, and compressive strength retention following exposure to acidic (H₂SO₄, HCl) and sulfate environments. Microstructural characterization using XRD, SEM, and FTIR provided insight into the mechanisms of gel formation and degradation in aggressive media. The results revealed that incorporating 5% FA into GGBS-based mortars enhanced 28-day compressive strength by 21.7% compared with the control mix. The inclusion of industrial by-products promoted the formation of C–S–H and C–(A)–S–H gels, contributing to a denser and more refined microstructure. Overall, the findings demonstrate that one-part geopolymer mortars offer a promising, eco-efficient, and durable alternative to traditional cementitious systems, while also addressing safety and handling concerns associated with liquid alkaline activators used in conventional two-part geopolymer formulations.

This comprehensive critical review shows how green buildings and energy optimization solutions improve indoor air quality (IAQ) as well as indoor environmental quality (IEQ) and human health. The growing emphasis on sustainable living has led to the establishment of green and sustainable building approaches, which are widely acknowledged for their energy efficiency and potential to reduce costs. A systematic analysis of 128 peer‐reviewed publications was conducted, including studies on design and materials, IAQ monitoring technologies, and health impacts. Technologies such as low‐cost sensors including Dylos, Foobot, and AirVisual Pro, as well as communication systems like Wi‐Fi, LoRa, Bluetooth, and VLC, are assessed based on their performance, limitations, and practical use in real‐time IAQ monitoring. Key challenges include sensor drift, maintenance demands, environmental sensitivity, and regulatory barriers in specific regions. Intelligent calibration models and integration strategies are explored to enhance data accuracy and system longevity. While green buildings generally offer better IAQ, effectiveness varies due to outdoor pollution, building age, and material selection. The study emphasizes the need for a holistic, health‐driven approach in sustainable building design that combines architecture, technology, and human well‐being to foster resilient and healthier indoor environments.

The construction industry continues to grapple with persistently high accident rates and fragmented workforce management systems, where manual record-keeping and siloed data impede effective safety compliance. While digital interventions exist, they often rely on centralized databases that are vulnerable to manipulation and opaque. This systematic literature review critically examines the application of blockchain technology as a decentralized infrastructure for enhancing safety compliance in construction. Adhering to the PRISMA 2020 guidelines, this study synthesizes findings from 115 peer-reviewed articles (2020–2025) retrieved from Scopus, Web of Science, IEEE Xplore, and Google Scholar. The analysis focuses on three core mechanisms: (1) the creation of immutable, timestamped safety logs to prevent retroactive data tampering; (2) the integration of IoT sensors for real-time, trustless hazard monitoring; and (3) the deployment of smart contracts to automate compliance verification and incentive distribution. The review juxtaposes theoretical frameworks with empirical evidence from global case studies, including pilot projects in North America and the Asia-Pacific, to quantify benefits such as reduced reporting latency and improved data integrity. Despite promising results, the analysis reveals significant barriers to widespread adoption, notably the “oracle problem,” scalability limitations of consensus protocols, and the lack of legal recognition for blockchain records. This paper concludes that while blockchain is not a panacea, it offers a necessary layer of trust and accountability absent in traditional Common Data Environments (CDEs). Future research directions are proposed to address interoperability with BIM standards (ISO 19650) and to develop energy-efficient consensus mechanisms suitable for resource-constrained construction sites.

Interoperability remains a persistent limitation in Building Information Modelling (BIM) because Industry Foundation Classes (IFC) exchanges can preserve file syntax while losing or misrepresenting geometry, properties, quantities, and relationships. This study makes an architectural contribution by defining two proposed systems: the Globe-IFC framework for core-schema and regional rule governance, and the Legacy-IFC Bridge for traceable migration of legacy information into IFC. Evidence combines a structured 95-study review, a cross-industry comparison, a deterministic data-quality pilot, and a de-identified practitioner survey (n = 26). The pilot evaluated 300 seeded elements from three professional IFC2X3 steel models. Class-matched LoadBearing properties were present in 255/300 elements, positive Length properties in 200/300, recognized material grades in 210/300, and identifiers and relationship participation in 300/300. The structural-class check served as the sampling eligibility filter and was therefore satisfied by all 300 sampled elements by design. Two investigators independently annotated every sampled element and the retained manual dataset is the reconciled consensus baseline, which the automated implementation matched exactly. The manual–automated agreement is interpreted only as implementation consistency rather than validation of the proposed AI components. For C1280, no positive Length was returned through the R5 extraction pathway, but inspection of six sampled elements confirmed dimensional Span properties in Pset_BeamCommon and Pset_MemberCommon. Therefore, the 0/100 R5 result reflects how dimensions were represented and extracted rather than absence of dimensional information from the model. Survey respondents primarily used IFC for coordination (12/26), rated legacy integration highly (mean 4.31/5), and rated automated error-resolution tools highly (mean 4.46/5). The findings support the relevance of the proposed integrated IFC-interoperability workflow for infrastructural development and building design, while showing that AI regulatory updating, machine-learning validation, and blockchain provenance remain future components requiring separate empirical evaluation.