Natural products have been a long-standing source for exploring health-beneficial components from time immemorial. Modern science has had a renewed interest in natural-products-based drug discovery. The quest for new potential secondary metabolites or exploring enhanced activities for existing molecules remains a pertinent topic for research. Resveratrol belongs to the stilbenoid polyphenols group that encompasses two phenol rings linked by ethylene bonds. Several plant species and foods, including grape skin and seeds, are the primary source of this compound. Resveratrol is known to possess potent anti-inflammatory, antiproliferative, and immunoregulatory properties. Among the notable bioactivities associated with resveratrol, its pivotal role in safeguarding the intestinal barrier is highlighted for its capacity to prevent intestinal inflammation and regulate the gut microbiome. A better understanding of how oxidative stress can be controlled using resveratrol and its capability to protect the intestinal barrier from a gut microbiome perspective can shed more light on associated physiological conditions. Additionally, resveratrol exhibits antitumor activity, proving its potential for cancer treatment and prevention. Moreover, cardioprotective, vasorelaxant, phytoestrogenic, and neuroprotective benefits have also been reported. The pharmaceutical industry continues to encounter difficulties administering resveratrol owing to its inadequate bioavailability and poor solubility, which must be addressed simultaneously. This report summarizes the currently available literature unveiling the pharmacological effects of resveratrol.

Postbiotics are increasingly recognized as a predominant group of biotherapeutic agents sourced from the microbial secretome, offering functional benefits, while circumventing the safety concerns associated with the application of live microbial consortia. These microbial derivatives are emerging as promising approaches for tackling complex diseases, encompassing cancer, autoimmune diseases, and metabolic disorders, through modulation of host cell signalling pathways, including G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), the NF-κB (Nuclear Factor Kappa B) pathway, and epigenetic regulatory pathways. Besides systemic effects, postbiotics may also have localized effects, such as epithelial regeneration, modulation of fibroblast functions, and control of collagen remodelling. Eventually, the scale-up in the production of postbiotics has initiated new avenues in improving sustainable agriculture and environmental biotechnology. This comprehensive review attempts to integrate mechanistic insights and translational applications, highlighting the therapeutic potential of postbiotics across biomedical and ecological domains. These observations could pave the way to bridge the gap between microbiome regulation, precision medicine, and sustainable biotechnology, thereby positioning postbiotics as a versatile tool addressing some of the most pressing health and sustainability challenges of the 21st century.