The sudden turn of tropical cyclones (TCs) can rapidly alter the affected disaster-prone regions and associated rainfall distributions, posing severe threats to coastal areas and creating major challenges for operational forecasting. However, most of these events occur over the open ocean, where the scarcity of in situ observations limits our understanding of how precipitation and cloud microphysical processes evolve during the sudden turning. In this study, we analyzed the precipitation evolution and associated microphysical characteristics during the sudden turn of Super Typhoon Vongfong (2014) using the latest GPM satellite observations. The main findings are as follows: (1) During the sudden-turning period, the precipitation coverage expanded significantly. Strong convective precipitation was distributed from the inner eyewall to the outer eyewall and spiral rainbands and weakened in intensity, whereas stratiform precipitation broadened in coverage and intensified. (2) The increase in stratiform precipitation was attributed primarily to increased cloud water content, which strengthened collision–coalescence processes, promoted the formation of larger and more numerous raindrops, and consequently increased precipitation efficiency and intensity. (3) The weakening of convective precipitation was related to the reduction in eyewall updrafts, which suppressed ice-phase processes and limited the development of deep convection.

The sudden turn of tropical cyclones (TCs) can rapidly alter the affected disaster-prone regions and associated rainfall distributions, posing severe threats to coastal areas and creating major challenges for operational forecasting. However, most of these events occur over the open ocean, where the scarcity of in situ observations limits our understanding of how precipitation and cloud microphysical processes evolve during the sudden turning. In this study, we analyzed the precipitation evolution and associated microphysical characteristics during the sudden turn of Super Typhoon Vongfong (2014) using the latest GPM satellite observations. The main findings are as follows: (1) During the sudden-turning period, the precipitation coverage expanded significantly. Strong convective precipitation was distributed from the inner eyewall to the outer eyewall and spiral rainbands and weakened in intensity, whereas stratiform precipitation broadened in coverage and intensified. (2) The increase in stratiform precipitation was attributed primarily to increased cloud water content, which strengthened collision–coalescence processes, promoted the formation of larger and more numerous raindrops, and consequently increased precipitation efficiency and intensity. (3) The weakening of convective precipitation was related to the reduction in eyewall updrafts, which suppressed ice-phase processes and limited the development of deep convection.

Human-induced environmental changes are rapidly reshaping the Earth system, with significant implications for human habitability. While existing safe and just Earth System Boundaries (ESBs) have delineated critical planetary thresholds, the future evolution of human habitable conditions remains unclear, especially given the transgression of all eight global ESBs and the underexplored "just" dimension of health and well-being. Here we propose the habitable composite volume (HCV), defined on a three–dimensional environmental phase space P, to quantify the collapsing boundaries of human habitability under the Great Acceleration. During the historical period (1981–2014), global HCV declined by approximately 27%, from 0.66 to 0.48. Under the projections of Shared Socioeconomic Pathways, the high-emission scenario poses the greatest risk, with HCV declining by up to 78% from 2015 to 2100 and collapsing areas encompassing 91.6% of global land, drastically reducing viable living space. Of greatest concern is that, high-risk regions—where collapse coincides with dense populations—expand nearly tenfold (1.7% to 16-18%) under moderate-to-high emissions, disproportionately affecting vulnerable developing regions first before extending to every continent. These findings highlight the escalating risks to human habitability and underscore the urgency of both mitigation and adaptation strategies to address this global crisis.

High-density river-valley cities face intensifying heat stress and rising electricity demand, making energy conservation and effective use of renewable resources increasingly imperative. However, wind and solar resources are highly heterogeneous within the urban canopy due to complex terrain and dense morphology, which complicates practical deployment. This study applies a WRF–PALM multiscale modeling framework to quantify future renewable climate resources in Chongqing and to deliver planning-ready micro-siting guidance for hybrid wind–solar streetlights. Bias-corrected CMIP6 forcing under SSP2-4.5 drives mesoscale WRF simulations, and the resulting time-evolving fields are used to force meter-scale PALM large-eddy simulations for both winter and summer. We derive street-level wind and irradiance fields, compute wind and PV capacity factors, and evaluate hybrid energy output across three surface–morphology regimes. Model evaluation indicates that the coupled framework improves near-surface wind and temperature simulations relative to WRF alone. Results show strong seasonality in solar resources and systematic contrasts across regimes: compact high-rise areas exhibit weak within-canopy winds and strong shading, whereas open mid-rise and river-adjacent areas achieve higher PV capacity factors and larger hybrid yields. Using an energy-balance criterion for street lighting, 783 candidate sites in the open mid-rise regime can meet net-zero daily consumption in both seasons. The proposed deployment provides substantial co-benefits, with estimated life-cycle electricity cost savings of about 56.2 million CNY and avoided CO₂ emissions of about 28.1 kt. Overall, we demonstrate that the framework is feasible and offers a transferable pathway from future climate scenarios to actionable, street-scale renewable micro-siting in complex urban terrain.