A record-breaking severe ozone (O₃) pollution episode occurred in the Pearl River Delta (PRD) in early autumn 2019 when the PRD was under the influence of a Pacific subtropical high followed by Typhoon Mitag. In this study, we analyzed the effects of meteorological and photochemical processes on the O₃ concentration in the PRD during this episode by carrying out the Weather Research Forecast–Community Multiscale Air Quality (WRF-CMAQ) model simulations. Results showed that low relative humidity, high boundary layer height, weak northerly surface wind, and strong downdrafts were the main meteorological factors contributing to O₃ pollution. Moreover, delayed sea breezes that lasted into the night would transport O₃ from the sea back to the land and resulted in secondary O₃ maxima at night. In addition, O₃ and its precursors stored in the residual layer above the surface layer at night can be mixed down to the surface in the next morning, further enhancing the daytime ground-level O₃ concentration on the following day. Photochemical production of O₃, with a daytime average production rate of about 7.2 ppb h⁻¹ (parts per billion), is found to be the predominate positive contributor to the O₃ budget of the boundary layer (0–1260 m) during the entire O₃ episode, while the horizontal and vertical transport fluxes are the dominant negative contributors. This O₃ episode accounted for 10 out of the yearly total of 51 d when the maximum daily 8 h average (MDA8) O₃ concentration exceeded the national standard of 75 ppb in the PRD in 2019. Based on these results, we propose that the enhanced photochemical production of O₃ during the episode is a major cause of the most severe O₃ pollution year since the official O₃ observation started in the PRD in 2006. Moreover, since this O₃ episode is a synoptic-scale phenomenon covering the entire eastern China, we also suggest that the enhanced photochemical production of O₃ in this O₃ episode is a major cause of the extraordinarily high O₃ concentrations observed in eastern China in 2019.

The Indo-Pacific warm pool (IPWP), which affects the global climate system through supporting tropical convection, has been reported to expand significantly under greenhouse warming. Although early research revealed that the sea surface temperature (SST) threshold for deep convection (σ_conv) increases with global warming, many latest relevant works were still conducted based on the traditional IPWP definition (e.g., static SST = 28 °C threshold, and is referred to as the oceanic warm pool, OWP₂₈). Here, we claim that the OWP₂₈expansion differs from the deep convection favoring pool (DCFP) area change and may not reflect the direct impacts of Indo-Pacific warming on the climate system. Results show that, because of the long-term increase in σ_conv, the DCFP expands at a rate 2.6 times slower than the OWP₂₈from 1979 to 2020. The difference reaches 12–27 times from 2015–2100 under different emission scenarios, based on CMIP6 model simulations. While the OWP₂₈expands to the eastern Pacific, the DCFP will remain within the Indian Ocean and western Pacific Ocean regardless of emission levels. This study emphasizes the necessity of considering the response of the relationship between deep convection and SST to climate change when studying the long-term variability of the IPWP.

Using a novel approach of decomposing total flow into climatic and anomalous flows, we have developed a generalized beta‐advection model to improve unusual typhoon track prediction within 2–3 days. Typhoon Megi (2010) that experienced an unusual path is first used to introduce this model. Differing from the conventional beta‐advection model (BAM) in (i) decomposing the total flow into the climatic and anomalous flows and considering their interaction and (ii) taking the layer of minimum divergence anomaly and maximum vorticity anomaly instead of any average layers done by, for example, the shallow BAM, the medium BAM, and the deep BAM, this model is a combination of the climatic‐flow BAM and the anomalous‐flow BAM. In this paper, 19 cases of sudden right‐turning typhoon and 10 cases of straight‐moving typhoon in the South China Sea are studied to examine this model's capability. Results show that 15 right‐turning and 10 straight‐moving cases were successfully predicted by this combination model.

In the summer of 2010, western Russia experienced extreme heat, which was noted for its exceptional spatial spread, long duration, high intensity and impacts. We use an anomaly‐based approach to decompose atmospheric variables into daily climatic components and anomalies from two reanalysis datasets. We show that a surface heat wave event results from a downward extension of an anomalously warm air column below a centre of positive geopotential height anomalies in the upper troposphere. Therefore, we use this approach to analyse all summer regional heat wave events with spatial scales larger than 2000 km and durations greater than 5 days over western Eurasia from 1980 to 2014. Our results demonstrate that the rapid increase in regional heat wave events over western Eurasia since 2010 is a direct response to the increasing frequency of large‐scale, quasi‐stationary positive centres of maximum height anomalies in the upper troposphere.