The electromagnetic field (EMF) is a physical concept consisting of electric and magnetic fields produced by the motion of charged particles and plays a ubiquitous role in modern society. EMFs are present in various forms, ranging from extremely low frequency (ELF) fields produced by power lines to radiofrequency (RF) fields emitted by wireless communication devices. While EMFs are essential for technologies like electricity generation, telecommunications, and medical imaging, concerns have been raised regarding their potential impact on human health. The literature has explored the relationships between EMF exposure and health outcomes, including cancer, reproductive health, and neurological disorders. Despite ongoing debate and inconclusive evidence, efforts are underway to mitigate exposure and establish regulatory guidelines. The effects of EMF on human health is a complex and multifaceted issue and research points to potential effects on various aspects of health, including neurological, reproductive and developmental effects. Although significant associations have not been found in some studies, growing evidence suggests that continuity in research is important in assessing and mitigating potential health risks associated with EMA exposure.

Aim: Accessory and sesamoid bones are hidden anatomical structures that fulfil a wide variety of functions in the human body. Therefore, studying the nature, formation and dimensions of these structures is of great importance for the medical literature. In our study, we aimed to measure the presence and area (size) of these ossicles. Material and Method: Our study was performed retrospectively on the images of individuals who applied to Ordu University and whose radiological images were obtained. The presence of accessory and sesamoid ossicles (present/absent) and their sizes (measured using the PACS system) were evaluated on radiographs and Computed Tomography (CT) images. The results of the ossicles were divided into gender, age, and bilateral groups. Statistical analyzes were performed with the SPSS program. Results: The most common and largest accessory ossicles in the foot were os peroneum (18.2%), os naviculare accessoria (17.4%), os trigonum (12.1%) and os intermetatarsarum (7.8%). Sesamoid ossicles at the level of the first metatarsophalangeal (mtp) joint of the foot and the first metacarpopgalangeal (mcp) joint of the hand were found to be 100% common. The second most common sesamoid bone in the hand and foot was at the fifth mtp (22.22%) and mcp (68.53%) joints. In the hand, the most common accessory ossicles were os triangulare (6.08%), os radiale externum (2.60%) and os centrale (1.73%). Accessory ossicles (fabella: 19%, cyamella: 17.5%) were found in 25.5% of the knee. Conclusion: Accessory and sesamoid ossicles are most commonly found in the hand, foot, and knee. The presence and size of these ossicles can be both beneficial and harmful. Sesamoids provide mechanical benefit, whereas accessory ossicles can be mistaken for fractures and may lead to unnecessary medical conditions. Knowing the dimensions of these ossicles allows them to be clinically differentiated from avulsion fractures.

Background and Aim: Nanoplastics (NPs), formed by the degradation of plastic materials, are ubiquitous substances with potential negative effects on various ecosystems and organisms. This article aims to investigate toxicological and biochemical NP accumulation in testicular tissue of rats and explore its potential effects on male reproductive health. Methods: Our study was conducted on the control (sham) group and two experimental groups receiving 25 mg/kg NPs (LNp) and 50 mg/kg NPs (HNp). Five male rats in each group were administered fluorescent NPs via gavage for one month. At the end of the experiment, testicular tissues were removed, and NPs accumulation, oxidative stress and testicular inflammation were investigated histopathologically and biochemically. Results: NPs accumulation was detected in the testicular tissue of LNp and HNp groups. Immature sperm cells and vacuolization were observed, suggesting that spermatogenesis was adversely affected. Oxidative stress was found to be increased in testicular tissue. Toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7) gene expression was evaluated, and inflammation was found to be statistically significant (p < 0.05). Conclusion: In conclusion, continuous intake of nanoplastics can lead to their accumulation in testicular tissue, impairing testicular function and potentially causing infertility. Given their increasing presence in the environment, nanoplastics pose significant risks to male reproductive health, necessitating further research and regulatory action to minimize exposure.

Aim: The aim of the study was to examine the opinions of first-year dentistry students who switched to online education after the Kahramanmaraş earthquake on anatomy education. Material and Methods: A total of 82 students, 38 males and 44 females, participated in the study. The questionnaire consisting of 14 questions was applied online. The questionnaire was Likert-type and calculated as flat coded questions (completely disagree 1 point, disagree 2 points, no idea 3 points, agree 4 points, completely agree 5 points). The questions were calculated as reverse coded because they expressed negativity. There were 13 questions in the questionnaire, except for the open-ended and gender-reporting question, and the highest score was 65 and the lowest score was 13. Results: The expected frequency of completely agree is 15.3 (40.2%), while the observed frequency is 21 (55.3%). Statistically, there is a difference between expected and observed values (p

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to examine the changes on the Purkinje cells in the cerebella of male rat pups born to pregnant dams that were exposed to an electromagnetic field in the prenatal period.METHODS: The first stage of the study involved 12 Sprague-Dawley rats, 6 male and 6 female, weighing between 180 and 250 g. The female rats in the experimental group were exposed to a 900-MHz electromagnetic field for 1 h at the same time every day, and no procedure was performed on the control group. Following pregnancy, six male pups from each group were divided into experimental and control groups without any procedure on the pups. After 2 months, they were sacrificed and their cerebella were removed. Histopathologically, following routine processing and fixation procedures, the cerebella were embedded in the tissue blocks. The sections taken from these blocks were stained with cresyl violet. The Purkinje cells in the cerebella were then counted on sections using the optical dissector method on an image analysis system.RESULTS: The estimation of number of the Purkinje cells in the groups revealed more cells in rats in the control group than in the experimental group. Histopathologically, Purkinje cells exhibited a normal morphological structure in the control group, while the cells in the experimental group showed damage. CONCLUSIONS: It might be asserted that the exposure of mothers to an electromagnetic field in the prenatal period may affect the development of Purkinje cells in the pup cerebella.

Objective: With the development of technology, anatomy teaching methods have also been updated. In this direction, a different method was tried in practical lessons. It is foreseen that anatomy lessons will be more useful and laboratory lessons will be active and efficient. Students want to see themselves as an individual. Students want to transfer their thoughts and experiences in a positive or negative way during the education process. Contributing in this way motivates the student. The survey study aims to evaluate the thoughts and suggestions of the students. Material and Methods: A study was conducted on the practical anatomy courses of Ordu University Faculty of Medicine Term II students during the 2022-2023 academic year. A questionnaire study was organised to learn the student's perspective on the practice. A total of 16 questions were asked in the questionnaire. One of these questions was open-ended and the others were multiple choice questions. Except for the open-ended question, the other questions had to be answered. The survey questions were prepared from Google Forms application. The questionnaire prepared in this application was sent to the students via a link on the social platform. Results: In the questionnaire, the students were asked the question 'Which of the auxiliary resources do you mostly use? The expected frequency for the answer 'textbook' is 1.7. There is no difference between the answers given to this question in the whole population (p>0.05). In the questionnaire, the students were asked 'Do you find the question-answer (mini-exam) technique useful while teaching the laboratory course? The expected frequency of 'yes' answer is 12.8. There was no difference between the answers given to this question in the whole population (p>0.05). Conclusion: In conclusion, in this study, students were asked multifaceted questions related to the anatomy course. Positive and negative answers were received and evaluated. According to the results of the study, all opportunities should be used for anatomy lesson. Especially technology should be included in every stage of the course. Thus, anatomy can be taught more efficiently and continuously.