The electromagnetic field (EMF) is a physical concept consisting of electric and magnetic fields produced by the motion of charged particles and plays a ubiquitous role in modern society. EMFs are present in various forms, ranging from extremely low frequency (ELF) fields produced by power lines to radiofrequency (RF) fields emitted by wireless communication devices. While EMFs are essential for technologies like electricity generation, telecommunications, and medical imaging, concerns have been raised regarding their potential impact on human health. The literature has explored the relationships between EMF exposure and health outcomes, including cancer, reproductive health, and neurological disorders. Despite ongoing debate and inconclusive evidence, efforts are underway to mitigate exposure and establish regulatory guidelines. The effects of EMF on human health is a complex and multifaceted issue and research points to potential effects on various aspects of health, including neurological, reproductive and developmental effects. Although significant associations have not been found in some studies, growing evidence suggests that continuity in research is important in assessing and mitigating potential health risks associated with EMA exposure.

Objective: Determining the height and weight of the person is the most important factor in forensic cases in which the body integrity is impaired including natural disasters, traffic accidents, wars, murders and decomposition of the body. In this study, it was aimed to obtain linear and multiple regression models and formulas for determining height and weight from foot measurements.Methods: The relationship between foot measurements and the height and weight of 180 adult individuals (90 males, 90 females) aged 20-65 years were analyzed retrospectively. Foot length and height, malleolar width, calcaneus length and height, 1-5. metatarsal length relationships with height were interpreted. Proximal metatarsal width, distal metatarsal width, 1-5. metatarsal distal end width, proximal end width and corpus width relations with a body weight were evaluated.Results: For both feet in men, the correlations between height and foot length, height and 5th metatarsal length, and between weight and 2nd metatarsal distal end width were found to be significant. For both feet in women, correlation relationship between height and foot length, 1st metatarsal length, 3rd metatarsal length and in terms of body weight, the correlation relationship between the 1st metatarsal distal tip width, 3rd metatarsal corpus width, 4th metatarsal corpus width, and 5th metatarsal proximal tip width was found to be significant.Conclusion: In the study, formulas for regression equations, height estimation and body weight were obtained from foot measurements. When the formulas have been developed are used according to gender, they show a deviation of 9-10 cm for height estimation and 11-14 kg for body weight estimation. When our formulas are evaluated by ignoring the gender difference, they show a deviation of less than 6 cm for height estimation and 8-9 kg for body weight. We believe that height and body weight from foot measurements could be predicted by the virtue of our formulas in similar populations. We think that our study results will be beneficial for forensic specialists, archaeologists, criminologists, and researchers who will conduct detailed research on this subject in estimating height and body weight from foot measurements in cases where body integrity cannot be preserved.

Heel spur is an osteophytic protrusion larger than 2 mm that lies just anterior to the tuberosity of the calcaneus. Heel spur can be of two types: plantar heel spur and dorsal heel spur. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between the heel spurs incidence with age, sex and side. A total of 2000 bilateral radiographs of 1000 patients (518 men and 482 women) aged 20-93 years who applied to Terme state hospital, Samsun, Turkey due to trauma were examined. Patients were grouped into 10 year age ranges (20-29 years; 30-39 years; 40-49 years; 50-59 years; 60-69 years and over 70 years). The incidences of plantar heel spur, dorsal heel spur, and both were evaluated according to age, sex and side relations. Plantar or dorsal heel spurs were detected in 32.6 % (326 patients) of the patients. The incidences of plantar heel spur, dorsal heel spur, plantar and dorsal heel spur were 26.0 %, 16.9 %, and 10.3 % respectively. According to sex, the incidence of plantar heel spur was higher in women in all age groups. Although the incidence of dorsal heel spur was higher in men in the 6th decade, it was more common in women in other age groups. The incidence of plantar heel spur was 2.615 times higher in the right foot and 2.810 times higher in the left foot in women. As the age increased, the risk of plantar heel spur increased 1.060 times in the right foot and 1.061 times in the left foot. The incidence of dorsal heel spur was 1.510 times higher in the right foot and 1.715 times higher in the left foot in women. As the age increased, the incidence of dorsal heel spur increased in both feet and this increase was 1.055 times in both feet.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to examine the changes on the Purkinje cells in the cerebella of male rat pups born to pregnant dams that were exposed to an electromagnetic field in the prenatal period.METHODS: The first stage of the study involved 12 Sprague-Dawley rats, 6 male and 6 female, weighing between 180 and 250 g. The female rats in the experimental group were exposed to a 900-MHz electromagnetic field for 1 h at the same time every day, and no procedure was performed on the control group. Following pregnancy, six male pups from each group were divided into experimental and control groups without any procedure on the pups. After 2 months, they were sacrificed and their cerebella were removed. Histopathologically, following routine processing and fixation procedures, the cerebella were embedded in the tissue blocks. The sections taken from these blocks were stained with cresyl violet. The Purkinje cells in the cerebella were then counted on sections using the optical dissector method on an image analysis system.RESULTS: The estimation of number of the Purkinje cells in the groups revealed more cells in rats in the control group than in the experimental group. Histopathologically, Purkinje cells exhibited a normal morphological structure in the control group, while the cells in the experimental group showed damage. CONCLUSIONS: It might be asserted that the exposure of mothers to an electromagnetic field in the prenatal period may affect the development of Purkinje cells in the pup cerebella.

With the rapid advancement of technology in recent years, exposure to electromagnetic fields (EMFs) has become an integral part of daily life. Electromagnetic fields emitted by both natural and artificial sources have attracted increasing attention, particularly due to their potential biological effects on the central nervous system (CNS). Current literature suggests that EMF exposure may be associated with increased blood–brain barrier permeability, oxidative stress, altered neurotransmitter levels, impaired learning and memory processes, neurodevelopmental alterations, and potential neurodegenerative outcomes. Furthermore, conflicting findings have been reported regarding the relationship between radiofrequency EMFs and extremely low-frequency EMFs and the development of brain tumors, and the World Health Organization has classified radiofrequency EMFs as “possibly carcinogenic to humans.” It is further emphasized that critical developmental stages, such as childhood and the prenatal period, are particularly susceptible to EMF-related effects. While some findings indicate potential therapeutic applications of EMFs, the majority highlight adverse neurological outcomes. Given the widespread prevalence of EMF exposure in modern society, long-term, standardized, and multifaceted studies are required to elucidate the underlying mechanisms and clarify their effects on the CNS.

Background:: CT findings and Ground glass opacity (GGO) volumes may differ between SARS CoV-2 non-variant, alpha, delta, and omicron variants. Objective:: To compare the thoracic CT findings, GGO volumes, and GGOs’ lung uptake rates among patients with COVID-19 variants. Methods:: Thoracic CT images of 83 patients with non-variant, 78 patients with alpha variant, 93 patients with delta variant, and 73 patients with omicron variant having positive Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction test results were analyzed retrospectively. GGO volumes and lung volumes were calculated by using the Cavalieri Principle. Differences in CT findings, ground-glass opacity volumes, and lung involvement rates between non-variant and variant groups were evaluated. Results:: There were significant differences found in the incidence of GGOs (p < 0.001), air bronchogram (p = 0.007), reticulation (p = 0.002) and subpleural lines, and linear opacities (p = 0.034) between non-variant and variant groups. GGO uptake rates (ground glass opacity volumes × 100 ÷ lung volume) were 8.88% in the non-variant, 4.83% in the alpha variant, 3.50% in the delta variant, and 2.02% in the omicron variant. In estimating variant groups, it was determined that the increase in the rate of GGOs in the right lung increased the probability of having an omicron variant, whereas the presence of nodules decreased it. The possibility of the delta variant increased with an increase in the rate of ground glass opacities in the left lung. Conclusion:: Thoracic CT findings solely can be helpful in distinguishing COVID-19 variants. Decreased frequency of uptake rates of GGOs suggested that the severity of COVID-19 disease was gradually decreasing.