Recent anatomical and morphometric studies indicate that the sella turcica is a structurally informative region and a distinctive anatomical formation that can exhibit shape variation among individuals. The aim of this study was to evaluate, in three dimensions, the extent to which sella turcica morphology differs among three sheep breeds (Akkaraman, Morkaraman, Zom) and between sexes. A total of 102 specimens were examined. All skulls were CT-scanned specifically for this study; the sella turcica region was reconstructed as a three-dimensional model, and 12 anatomical landmarks were manually digitized for each specimen. The findings showed that sella turcica size differed among breeds, with the Zom group exhibiting the largest sella turcica size. In contrast, no clear size difference was observed between females and males. Shape assessment also revealed differences among breeds, largely driven by the separation of Zom from Akkaraman and Morkaraman, whereas no distinct sex-related shape pattern was detected. Importantly, the breed-related shape differences persisted after accounting for size effects. Overall, these results suggest that the sella turcica carries a breed-associated morphological signal in sheep, while showing no pronounced sexual differentiation in the present sample.

The skull provides essential diagnostic features for species identification and sex determination. Cranial sexual dimorphism in guinea pigs (Cavia porcellus) is particularly important to understand, as these animals are frequently used in experimental research and veterinary practice, yet detailed morphometric evaluations remain limited. This study aimed to assess cranial size and shape variation between sexes using three-dimensional geometric morphometric (GM) methods. Computed tomography scans of 30 clinically healthy guinea pigs were used to reconstruct three-dimensional skull models. Twenty-one anatomical landmarks were digitized, and the dataset was subjected to generalized Procrustes analysis, followed by principal component analysis, Procrustes ANOVA, and regression-based allometric assessments. The results revealed pronounced sexual dimorphism. Males exhibited significantly larger centroid sizes and more robust cranial morphologies, whereas females presented smaller and more gracile skull forms. Procrustes ANOVA confirmed significant shape differences between sexes (p < 0.01), with size being the primary driver of morphological divergence. Body weight had a weaker but detectable influence on cranial variation, although its effect diminished after accounting for centroid size (R²: 0.085). These findings demonstrate that three-dimensional geometric morphometrics can effectively detect subtle patterns of cranial dimorphism in guinea pigs. Beyond their anatomical relevance, the results provide a valuable reference for veterinary sciences, taxonomy, and future biomedical research requiring precise morphological characterization. These findings show that three-dimensional geometric morphometrics can effectively detect subtle patterns of sexual dimorphism in cranial shape, which is particularly relevant for sex identification in skeletal collections and for the development of comparative anatomical databases in veterinary and experimental research.

The foramen magnum (FM) and occipital condyles (OC) are important anatomical features in anthropology and zooarchaeology for the identification of breeds, species, and gender. The present study aimed to determine the gender of dogs using morphometric measurements of the FM and OC. A total of 27 healthy dogs without any pathology, 11 females and 16 males, were used in this study. Morphometric measurements were performed on tomography images of the dogs heads. Before morphometric measurements were made on the images obtained in DICOM (Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine) format, interactive MPR (Multi-Planar Reformat) and positioning were performed in ITK-SNAP software. After rotation and positioning, eight different morphometric measurements were performed on the FM and OC using ITK-SNAP software. According to the morphometric measurement results, no statistical difference was determined in the length of the right OC(LROC), length of the left OC (LLOC), width of the right OC (WROC), width of the left OC (WLOC), intercondylar width (ICW), intercondylar distance (ICD), and internal width of the FM (IWFM) in female and male dogs. A difference was observed in the internal length of the FM (ILFM) parameter, which was found to be statistically significantly higher in males. It is thought that the morphometric measurement results obtained from the FM and OC of dogs will contribute to zooarchaeological and anthropological studies examining the differences between gender and head structure in dogs.

The spleen is one of the principal immune-associated organs in avian species, and changes in splenic size may accompany systemic pathological conditions. However, imaging-based data on splenic size in raptors, particularly during the antemortem period, remain limited. This study aimed to describe preliminary observational ranges for splenic size in clinically healthy common buzzards (Buteo buteo) using computed tomography (CT), based on linear measurements obtained in three anatomical planes: transversal, dorsal, and sagittal. Ten clinically healthy adult common buzzards (n = 10) were included in the descriptive analysis. In addition, one common buzzard showing markedly increased splenic dimensions was evaluated separately as an illustrative case and compared descriptively with the observational ranges derived from the clinically healthy group. Based on descriptive statistics and non-parametric percentile analysis, preliminary observational ranges were identified as 7.4-14.1 mm in the transversal plane, 7.2-12.1 mm in the dorsal plane, and 7.6-13.2 mm in the sagittal plane. Splenic measurements obtained from the illustrative case exceeded these ranges substantially in all planes, indicating marked splenic enlargement under the applied imaging protocol. This study provides preliminary CT-based morphometric data on splenic size in the common buzzard. The presented values should be interpreted as descriptive orientation data rather than formal reference intervals and may support the assessment of splenic morphology in clinical and research settings when interpreted alongside other clinical and clinicopathological findings.