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Prof. Dr. Ifigenia Kagalou
Department of Civil Engineering Polytechnic School, Democritus University of Thrace, Greece

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Research Keywords & Expertise

0 Aquatic Ecology
0 Management of water resources
0 Freshwater ecosystems
0 The aquatic systems responses to eutrophication
0 Management and conservation of lakes and wetlands river

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Freshwater ecosystems
Management of water resources

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Journal article
Published: 27 June 2021 in Water
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The “One Out–All Out” (OOAO) principle imposed by the WFD selects the worst ecological status assessed by different biological quality elements (BQEs). Since it is a precautionary rule that can lead to problems of underestimation of the overall status, its amendment has been a matter of debate for WFD 20+. The use of fuzzy methods that express the functional relationships between variables in ecology and management has been gaining more ground recently. Here is attempted the inclusion of a fuzzy regression among the frequently monitored BQE (phytoplankton) and the outcome of OOAO application in six Greek lakes. The latter was determined by the comparison of four BQE indices in order to assess the extent to which BQEs might underpin the optimal/actual qualitative classification of a waterbody. This approach encompasses the uncertainty and the possibility to broaden the acceptable final EQR based on the character and status of each lake. We concluded that the fuzzy OOAO is an approach that seems to allow a better understanding of the WFD implementation and case-specific evaluation, including the uncertainty in classification as an asset. Moreover, it offers a deeper understanding through self-learning processes based on the existing datasets.

ACS Style

Dionissis Latinopoulos; Mike Spiliotis; Chrysoula Ntislidou; Ifigenia Kagalou; Dimitra Bobori; Vasiliki Tsiaoussi; Maria Lazaridou. “One Out–All Out” Principle in the Water Framework Directive 2000—A New Approach with Fuzzy Method on an Example of Greek Lakes. Water 2021, 13, 1776 .

AMA Style

Dionissis Latinopoulos, Mike Spiliotis, Chrysoula Ntislidou, Ifigenia Kagalou, Dimitra Bobori, Vasiliki Tsiaoussi, Maria Lazaridou. “One Out–All Out” Principle in the Water Framework Directive 2000—A New Approach with Fuzzy Method on an Example of Greek Lakes. Water. 2021; 13 (13):1776.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Dionissis Latinopoulos; Mike Spiliotis; Chrysoula Ntislidou; Ifigenia Kagalou; Dimitra Bobori; Vasiliki Tsiaoussi; Maria Lazaridou. 2021. "“One Out–All Out” Principle in the Water Framework Directive 2000—A New Approach with Fuzzy Method on an Example of Greek Lakes." Water 13, no. 13: 1776.

Journal article
Published: 09 March 2021 in Water
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Eutrophication caused by nutrient enrichment is a predominant stressor leading to lake degradation and, thus, the set-up of boundaries that support good ecological status, the Water Framework Directive’s main target, is a necessity. Greece is one of the Member States that have recorded delays in complying with the coherent management goals of European legislation. A wide range of different statistical approaches has been proposed in the Best Practice Guide for determining appropriate nutrient thresholds. To determine the nutrient thresholds supporting the good status of natural Greek lakes, the phytoplankton dataset gathered from the national monitoring programme (2015–2020) was used for shallow and deep natural lakes. The regression analyses were sufficient and robust in order to derive total phosphorus thresholds that ranged from 20 to 41 μg/L in shallow and 15–32 μg/L in deep natural lake types. Nutrient boundaries that encompass the stressors these lakes are subject to, are essential in proper lake management design.

ACS Style

Ifigenia Kagalou; Chrysoula Ntislidou; Dionissis Latinopoulos; Dimitra Kemitzoglou; Vasiliki Tsiaoussi; Dimitra Bobori. Setting the Phosphorus Boundaries for Greek Natural Shallow and Deep Lakes for Water Framework Directive Compliance. Water 2021, 13, 739 .

AMA Style

Ifigenia Kagalou, Chrysoula Ntislidou, Dionissis Latinopoulos, Dimitra Kemitzoglou, Vasiliki Tsiaoussi, Dimitra Bobori. Setting the Phosphorus Boundaries for Greek Natural Shallow and Deep Lakes for Water Framework Directive Compliance. Water. 2021; 13 (5):739.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ifigenia Kagalou; Chrysoula Ntislidou; Dionissis Latinopoulos; Dimitra Kemitzoglou; Vasiliki Tsiaoussi; Dimitra Bobori. 2021. "Setting the Phosphorus Boundaries for Greek Natural Shallow and Deep Lakes for Water Framework Directive Compliance." Water 13, no. 5: 739.

Journal article
Published: 19 January 2021 in Life
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The evaluation of effluent wastewater quality mainly relies on the assessment of conventional bacterial indicators, such as fecal coliforms and enterococci; however, little is known about opportunistic pathogens, which can resist chlorination and may be transmitted in aquatic environments. In contrast to conventional microbiological methods, high-throughput molecular techniques can provide an accurate evaluation of effluent quality, although a limited number of studies have been performed in this direction. In this work, high-throughput amplicon sequencing was employed to assess the effectiveness of chlorination as a disinfection method for secondary effluents. Common inhabitants of the intestinal tract, such as Bacteroides, Arcobacter and Clostridium, and activated sludge denitrifiers capable of forming biofilms, such as Acidovorax, Pseudomonas and Thauera, were identified in the chlorinated effluent. Chloroflexi with dechlorination capability and the bacteria involved in enhanced biological phosphorus removal, i.e., Candidatus Accumulibacter and Candidatus Competibacter, were also found to resist chlorination. No detection of Escherichia indicates the lack of fecal coliform contamination. Mycobacterium spp. were absent in the chlorinated effluent, whereas toxin-producing cyanobacteria of the genera Anabaena and Microcystis were identified in low abundances. Chlorination significantly affected the filamentous bacteria Nocardioides and Gordonia, whereas Zoogloea proliferated in the disinfected effluent. Moreover, perchlorate/chlorate- and organochlorine-reducing bacteria resisted chlorination.

ACS Style

Ioanna Zerva; Nikolaos Remmas; Ifigeneia Kagalou; Paraschos Melidis; Marina Ariantsi; Georgios Sylaios; Spyridon Ntougias. Effect of Chlorination on Microbiological Quality of Effluent of a Full-Scale Wastewater Treatment Plant. Life 2021, 11, 68 .

AMA Style

Ioanna Zerva, Nikolaos Remmas, Ifigeneia Kagalou, Paraschos Melidis, Marina Ariantsi, Georgios Sylaios, Spyridon Ntougias. Effect of Chlorination on Microbiological Quality of Effluent of a Full-Scale Wastewater Treatment Plant. Life. 2021; 11 (1):68.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ioanna Zerva; Nikolaos Remmas; Ifigeneia Kagalou; Paraschos Melidis; Marina Ariantsi; Georgios Sylaios; Spyridon Ntougias. 2021. "Effect of Chlorination on Microbiological Quality of Effluent of a Full-Scale Wastewater Treatment Plant." Life 11, no. 1: 68.

Journal article
Published: 18 September 2020 in Sustainability
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The ecosystem services (ES) concept is embedded in all new European directives but its integration in the Water Framework Directive (WFD) is absent, despite the latter being the major legislative tool. The research aims to assess the knowledge of ES that lies within the River Basin Management Plans (RBMPs) in Greece so as to further depict their representation in the relevant planning tools, to support policy making and express the implementation experience to Member States for assisting EU reloading processes. The information on the ES’ status was extracted by the official RBMPs, processed and grouped following Common International Classification of Ecosystem Services (CICES) classification. The prioritization of ES included in the programs of measures (PoMs) further showed the targeting for each River Basin District (RBD). The results were not homogenous for the RBDs, revealing different needs in measures and indicating there is a lack in “communication” between the relevant EU and national regulations. Moreover, a wide suite of water-related ES is hindered in addressing multiple benefits coming from provisioning, regulating and cultural ES. For a proper WFD reload and continuation, the infusion of the ES concept and prerequisites in its objective, and the reviewing of the RBMPs’ target and the suggestion of integrated PoMs are necessary steps that could deliver added value in such legislation.

ACS Style

Ifigenia Kagalou; Dionissis Latinopoulos. Filling the Gap between Ecosystem Services Concept and River Basin Management Plans: The Case of Greece in WFD 20+. Sustainability 2020, 12, 7710 .

AMA Style

Ifigenia Kagalou, Dionissis Latinopoulos. Filling the Gap between Ecosystem Services Concept and River Basin Management Plans: The Case of Greece in WFD 20+. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (18):7710.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ifigenia Kagalou; Dionissis Latinopoulos. 2020. "Filling the Gap between Ecosystem Services Concept and River Basin Management Plans: The Case of Greece in WFD 20+." Sustainability 12, no. 18: 7710.

Article
Published: 01 August 2020 in Water Resources Management
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Freshwater ecosystems deliver various ecosystem services providing essential goods and services, on which humans depend. These include vital provision of water for domestic, agricultural and industrial use. Lake Pamvotis, a heavily modified urban lake is providing multiple services but at the same time is under multiple pressures. Setting as target the achievement of the Water Framework Directive (WFD) “Good Ecological Status or Potential” goal and acknowledging the revised River Basin Management Plan’s Program of Measures, a set of six alternatives is suggested. For the preferable alternatives’ selection, six criteria were adopted whose relations are given through a Driving Forces – Pressure - State-Impact - Responses (DPSIR) conceptual model. Qualitative judgments based on expert opinion are selected to describe the scores of the criteria which are finally evaluated as fuzzy numbers. A hybrid method which incorporates the outranking relation and the right of veto of the ELECTRE III method, and finally the net flow of the PROMETHEE method is developed. The proposed method is based on fuzzy sets and logic in order, firstly to interpret both the monocriterion comparison and the aggregation among the criteria and secondly to enable the evaluation of the criteria with fuzzy scores. The results prioritized the increase of the water quality for the improvement of water related ecosystem services among the other alternatives in all tests. The proposed method is suitable for environmental problems where the evaluation of the scores is not crisp and furthermore, commensurate alternatives are demanded.

ACS Style

Mike Spiliotis; Lambros Panagiotou; Ifigenia Kagalou; Dionissis Latinopoulos. A Fuzzified Multicriteria Outranking Method for Water Framework Directive Implementation in a Heavily Modified Urban Lake (Pamvotis, Greece). Water Resources Management 2020, 34, 4491 -4510.

AMA Style

Mike Spiliotis, Lambros Panagiotou, Ifigenia Kagalou, Dionissis Latinopoulos. A Fuzzified Multicriteria Outranking Method for Water Framework Directive Implementation in a Heavily Modified Urban Lake (Pamvotis, Greece). Water Resources Management. 2020; 34 (14):4491-4510.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Mike Spiliotis; Lambros Panagiotou; Ifigenia Kagalou; Dionissis Latinopoulos. 2020. "A Fuzzified Multicriteria Outranking Method for Water Framework Directive Implementation in a Heavily Modified Urban Lake (Pamvotis, Greece)." Water Resources Management 34, no. 14: 4491-4510.

Journal article
Published: 01 June 2020 in Ecohydrology & Hydrobiology
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Spatial and temporal patterns are determined by a variety of biotic and abiotic conditions, among all in shallow, Mediterranean, heavily modified water bodies. Lake Karla's, a multi-service reservoir, re-establishment begun 60 years after the natural lake was dried. This research is aimed at linking a series of environmental drivers with the phytoplankton functional groups during a dry year after the lake's refilling period, to investigate seasonal and spatial dynamics, and to get an insight into lake's ecology for both monitoring and management purposes. In situ physical and chemical measurements, along with water and plankton sampling took place monthly from May 2014 till March 2015. A combination of direct ordination, multivariate statistical analyses and distance-based approaches were used to examine spatial and temporal patterns and to test dissimilarities among and within the stations. Phytoplankton was assorted in Reynolds’ functional groups. The lake's hydrology was also modelled. The research results presented Karla lake as a homogeneously degraded system. The major environmental parameters affecting phytoplankton community were ortho-phosphates and temperature in a lake with long retention time. The five functional groups that were dominant during the survey were comprised by representatives of cyanobacteria, followed by chlorophytes and diatoms, many of them indicative of warm, shallow, turbid, nutrient-rich waters. Phytoplankton revealed a seasonal trend with prolonged summer, low differentiation among seasons and uninterrupted winter succession. The relations and patterns found are useful for monitoring, as for management purposes to enhance the reservoir's capacity.

ACS Style

Dionissis Latinopoulos; Chrysoula Ntislidou; Ifigenia Kagalou. Relationships of environmental conditions and phytoplankton functional groups in a new re-constructed shallow lentic system in draught conditions. Ecohydrology & Hydrobiology 2020, 20, 369 -381.

AMA Style

Dionissis Latinopoulos, Chrysoula Ntislidou, Ifigenia Kagalou. Relationships of environmental conditions and phytoplankton functional groups in a new re-constructed shallow lentic system in draught conditions. Ecohydrology & Hydrobiology. 2020; 20 (3):369-381.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Dionissis Latinopoulos; Chrysoula Ntislidou; Ifigenia Kagalou. 2020. "Relationships of environmental conditions and phytoplankton functional groups in a new re-constructed shallow lentic system in draught conditions." Ecohydrology & Hydrobiology 20, no. 3: 369-381.

Proceedings
Published: 01 January 2020 in Environmental Sciences Proceedings
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Lake Karla (Thessaly, Greece) drainage and morphological alterations affected all water-related ecosystem services (ES). The lake is restored as a multipurpose reservoir, whose inflows are boosted with pumping from Pinios River. The Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) simulated the watershed’s hydrology and the reservoir’s function, under a climate change scenario to assess water related ES. Official timeseries were used for five different scenarios with simulation period until 2100. The results suggest that the reservoir’s water quality is impacted by summer irrigation and by the water volume from the Pinios during winter. As for the selected ES, in almost all scenarios, they seem negatively affected.

ACS Style

Dionissis Latinopoulos; Alexandros Dimitriou; Ifigenia Kagalou. Modelling Water Related Ecosystem Services in a Heavily Modified Mediterranean Reservoir Using the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT). Environmental Sciences Proceedings 2020, 2, 2 .

AMA Style

Dionissis Latinopoulos, Alexandros Dimitriou, Ifigenia Kagalou. Modelling Water Related Ecosystem Services in a Heavily Modified Mediterranean Reservoir Using the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT). Environmental Sciences Proceedings. 2020; 2 (1):2.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Dionissis Latinopoulos; Alexandros Dimitriou; Ifigenia Kagalou. 2020. "Modelling Water Related Ecosystem Services in a Heavily Modified Mediterranean Reservoir Using the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT)." Environmental Sciences Proceedings 2, no. 1: 2.

Journal article
Published: 14 December 2018 in Water
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The increasing pressure on water resources in Europe’s broader area led member states to take measures and adopt a common legislative “umbrella” of directives to protect them. The aim of this research is to investigate practicing deficiencies, information lacks and distances from optimal status as set by the Water Framework Directive and supporting water uses. This contributes to the improvement of the efficiency and harmonization of all environmental goals especially when management of Protected Areas is addressed. Gap analysis, an approach that reveals the distance between current and desired level, was carried out, targeting five Mediterranean hydro-ecosystems, covering three major water policy pillars “Monitoring Practices”, “Management Practices” and “Water Quality and Pressures”. Data for such analyses was collected by literature research supported by a query matrix. The findings revealed a lack in compliance with the Water Framework Directive regarding the “Monitoring Practices” and several deficiencies in sites burdened by eutrophication and human pressures on “Water Quality and Pressures” field. As for “Management Practices”, extra effort should be applied in all hydro-ecosystems to reach the desirable state. We suggest that gap analysis, as a harmonization tool, can unify apparently different areas under the same goals to reveal the extra necessary “investment”.

ACS Style

Dionissis Latinopoulos; Pantelis Sidiropoulos; Ifigenia Kagalou. Addressing Gaps in Environmental Water Policy Issues across Five Mediterranean Freshwater Protected Areas. Water 2018, 10, 1853 .

AMA Style

Dionissis Latinopoulos, Pantelis Sidiropoulos, Ifigenia Kagalou. Addressing Gaps in Environmental Water Policy Issues across Five Mediterranean Freshwater Protected Areas. Water. 2018; 10 (12):1853.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Dionissis Latinopoulos; Pantelis Sidiropoulos; Ifigenia Kagalou. 2018. "Addressing Gaps in Environmental Water Policy Issues across Five Mediterranean Freshwater Protected Areas." Water 10, no. 12: 1853.

Article
Published: 20 October 2018 in Environmental Monitoring and Assessment
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Despite hydromorphological pressure assessment is required by the European Water Framework Directive (WFD), there is not one commonly accepted method for this purpose. The extent of habitat alteration and naturalness loss is a major issue especially for heavily modified water bodies (HMWBs) in terms of their maximum ecological potential designation. In this research, a broadly used methodology in Central and Northern Europe, Lake Habitat Survey (LHS), is tested for the first time in Greece in two natural urban shallow lakes to estimate the extent of habitat modification and hydromorphological alteration. The LHS methodology was deployed using three different approaches (on foot, by boat, and remotely by satellite sensing), by two observers, to assess simultaneously the method’s reproducibility and subjectivity and selecting the best approach. All three LHS deriving indices (Lake Habitat Quality Assessment—LHQA, Lake Habitat Modification Score—LHMS, and Alteration of Lake Morphology Scores—ALMS) for each approach and each observer were calculated. Both lakes were described as substantially changed in character, receiving multiple pressures and hosting habitats of impaired quality and degraded shores. The research revealed low level of consistency among the approaches but highlighted the method’s objectivity since no statistically significant differences were found on indices between the two observers. LHS proved to be an easily applicable, useful tool for hydromorphological assessment in these two case studies and could be further applied as a WFD screening tool.

ACS Style

Dionissis Latinopoulos; Chrysoula Ntislidou; Ifigenia Kagalou. A multi-approach Lake Habitat Survey method for impact assessment in two heavily modified lakes: a case of two Northern Greek lakes. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 2018, 190, 658 .

AMA Style

Dionissis Latinopoulos, Chrysoula Ntislidou, Ifigenia Kagalou. A multi-approach Lake Habitat Survey method for impact assessment in two heavily modified lakes: a case of two Northern Greek lakes. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment. 2018; 190 (11):658.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Dionissis Latinopoulos; Chrysoula Ntislidou; Ifigenia Kagalou. 2018. "A multi-approach Lake Habitat Survey method for impact assessment in two heavily modified lakes: a case of two Northern Greek lakes." Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 190, no. 11: 658.

Proceedings
Published: 01 January 2018 in Proceedings
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According to WFD, European countries shall establish monitoring programmes for water quality overview. In EcoSUSTAIN, an Interreg–MED project, Gap analysis, an approach that reveals the difference between current and desired level, was carried out, targeting five Mediterranean hydro-ecosystems covering “Monitoring Practices” and “Water Quality and Pressures”. Our goal is to investigate practicing deficiencies, as long as information lack and distance from desirable status, supporting water uses and WFD goals. Data was collected by literature research supported by questionnaires. The findings on both fields, revealed problematic areas dealing with the compliance with the WFD and several deficiencies in tackling pressures.

ACS Style

Dionissis Latinopoulos; Pantelis Sidiropoulos; Ifigenia Kagalou. Gap Analysis Targeting WFD Monitoring and Pressure Mapping: Lessons Learned from “EcoSUSTAIN”, Interreg-MED Project. Proceedings 2018, 2, 621 .

AMA Style

Dionissis Latinopoulos, Pantelis Sidiropoulos, Ifigenia Kagalou. Gap Analysis Targeting WFD Monitoring and Pressure Mapping: Lessons Learned from “EcoSUSTAIN”, Interreg-MED Project. Proceedings. 2018; 2 (11):621.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Dionissis Latinopoulos; Pantelis Sidiropoulos; Ifigenia Kagalou. 2018. "Gap Analysis Targeting WFD Monitoring and Pressure Mapping: Lessons Learned from “EcoSUSTAIN”, Interreg-MED Project." Proceedings 2, no. 11: 621.

Proceedings
Published: 01 January 2018 in Proceedings
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A description of hydromorphological pressures is required by the Water Framework Directive, however, there is not a commonly accepted assessment method. This study aims to explore a description tool application, not used before in Greece, for the quantification of the human impact extent on natural environment. Thus, in lakes Kastoria and Pamvotis, the Lake Habitat Survey was applied in the field and remotely to map the pressures, to examine confidence, suitability and ease of applicability through plot quantitative description, to calculate the “Lake Habitat Quality Assessment”, “Lake Habitat Modification Score” and “Alteration of Lake Morphology Score” indices.

ACS Style

Dionissis Latinopoulos; Chrysoula Ntislidou; Ifigenia Kagalou. Impact Assessment of Habitat and Hydromorphological Alterations in Two Heavily Modified Lakes. Proceedings 2018, 2, 622 .

AMA Style

Dionissis Latinopoulos, Chrysoula Ntislidou, Ifigenia Kagalou. Impact Assessment of Habitat and Hydromorphological Alterations in Two Heavily Modified Lakes. Proceedings. 2018; 2 (11):622.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Dionissis Latinopoulos; Chrysoula Ntislidou; Ifigenia Kagalou. 2018. "Impact Assessment of Habitat and Hydromorphological Alterations in Two Heavily Modified Lakes." Proceedings 2, no. 11: 622.

Journal article
Published: 01 July 2017 in Ecohydrology & Hydrobiology
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ACS Style

Pantelis Sidiropoulos; Maria Chamoglou; Ifigenia Kagalou. Combining conflicting, economic, and environmental pressures: Evaluation of the restored Lake Karla (Thessaly-Greece). Ecohydrology & Hydrobiology 2017, 17, 177 -189.

AMA Style

Pantelis Sidiropoulos, Maria Chamoglou, Ifigenia Kagalou. Combining conflicting, economic, and environmental pressures: Evaluation of the restored Lake Karla (Thessaly-Greece). Ecohydrology & Hydrobiology. 2017; 17 (3):177-189.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Pantelis Sidiropoulos; Maria Chamoglou; Ifigenia Kagalou. 2017. "Combining conflicting, economic, and environmental pressures: Evaluation of the restored Lake Karla (Thessaly-Greece)." Ecohydrology & Hydrobiology 17, no. 3: 177-189.

Journal article
Published: 09 April 2016 in Environmental Processes
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Lake Ecosystems have experienced a significant loss of their ecological value due to various human activities. It has been recognized that the continued alteration of freshwater biodiversity is not sustainable, and also, it has been realized that less modified freshwater ecosystems provide significant economic and social benefits to society. In Greece, changes in land and water management, driven by the increase in agricultural production and the urban expansion, have created multiple stressors on lentic ecosystems which cannot be ignored any longer. The objective of the present study is to describe some of these stressors, and to identify their impacts on Greek lakes. We collected an extensive dataset from twelve natural lakes using several metrics, also suggested by the Water Framework Directive (WFD), along with specific ecohydrological characteristics. Our results demonstrate severe impact on water quality and quantity with consequence to the lake’s functions, and extended eutrophication in almost all lakes. The Greek lakes have been subjected to various hydromorphological alterations, which affect their metabolism, while the aforementioned effects are further maximized due to particularities of the Mediterranean climate. The set up of good management practices through multipurpose management plans are also discussed.

ACS Style

Dionissis Latinopoulos; Chrysoula Ntislidou; Ifigeneia Kagalou. Multipurpose Plans for the Sustainability of the Greek Lakes: Emphasis on Multiple Stressors. Environmental Processes 2016, 3, 589 -602.

AMA Style

Dionissis Latinopoulos, Chrysoula Ntislidou, Ifigeneia Kagalou. Multipurpose Plans for the Sustainability of the Greek Lakes: Emphasis on Multiple Stressors. Environmental Processes. 2016; 3 (3):589-602.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Dionissis Latinopoulos; Chrysoula Ntislidou; Ifigeneia Kagalou. 2016. "Multipurpose Plans for the Sustainability of the Greek Lakes: Emphasis on Multiple Stressors." Environmental Processes 3, no. 3: 589-602.

Journal article
Published: 22 May 2014 in Environmental Processes
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Mediterranean freshwater systems face the lack of water as an important threat along with other multiple stressors (e.g., eutrophication, salinization, changes in hydrology and morphology) mainly attributed to human intervention. These stressors have been maximized due to the climate variability, the progressive diminishing of freshwater availability and the topography characteristics. Lake Karla is an example of a lake ecosystem which was dried in the 1960s and now is restored, facing various anthropogenic pressures. During the last 2 years (2010–2012) a ‘new’ shallow lake was reconstructed experiencing extensive alterations associated with land use changes, hydrological flow modifications, over-enrichment of chemicals, inappropriate management of biological resources. In terms of conservation value, Lake Karla is listed in Natura 2000 sites as a protected area. The aim of the present paper is to identify the key-descriptors highlighting the function of the new system, thus providing necessary ‘tools’ for an effective management plan. A 12-month monitoring study has taken place revealing the hydrological profile, the excess of in-lake nutrient concentrations, mainly attributed to the inflows and surface runoff, thus promoting a cultural eutrophication as it is also expressed by the high chlorophyll values. Relationships between nutrients and chlorophyll-a concentrations highlight the system’s functioning. Yet, the classification of Lake Karla, as a highly modified water body, according to the Water Framework Directive, is discussed. Lake Karla serves as a paradigm on the multiple stressor effects and the complexity of biological restoration even though physical restoration has been established.

ACS Style

Maria Chamoglou; Theodoti Papadimitriou; Ifigenia Kagalou. Key-Descriptors for the Functioning of a Mediterranean Reservoir: The Case of the New Lake Karla-Greece. Environmental Processes 2014, 1, 127 -135.

AMA Style

Maria Chamoglou, Theodoti Papadimitriou, Ifigenia Kagalou. Key-Descriptors for the Functioning of a Mediterranean Reservoir: The Case of the New Lake Karla-Greece. Environmental Processes. 2014; 1 (2):127-135.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Maria Chamoglou; Theodoti Papadimitriou; Ifigenia Kagalou. 2014. "Key-Descriptors for the Functioning of a Mediterranean Reservoir: The Case of the New Lake Karla-Greece." Environmental Processes 1, no. 2: 127-135.