Due to nanomaterials? potential benefits for diagnosis and treatment, they are widely used in medical applications and personal care products. Interaction of nanomaterials, which are very small in size, with tissue, cell and microenvironment, can reveal harmful effects that cannot be created with chemically identical and larger counterparts in biological organisms. In this review, a challenge for future medicine, nanotoxicity of nanomaterials is discussed. A detailed review of related literature was performed and evaluated as per medical applications of nanomaterials their toxicity. Most authors state ?the only valid technology will be nanotechnology in the next era?; however, there is no consensus on the impact of this technology on humankind, environment and ecological balance. Studies dealing with the toxic effect of nanomaterials on human health have also varied with developing technology. Nanotoxicology studies such as in-vivo-like on 3D human organs, cells, advanced genetic studies, and -omic approaches begin to replace conventional methods. Nanotoxicity and adverse effects of nanomaterials in exposed producers, industry workers, and patients make nanomaterials a double-edged sword for future medicine. In order to control and tackle related risks, regulation and legislations should be implemented, and researchers have to conduct joint multidisciplinary studies in various fields of medical sciences, nanotechnology, nanomedicine, and biomedical engineering.

Forensic medicine and sciences is a multidisciplinary branch of science, which frequently benefit from novel technologies. State-of-the-art omics technologies have begun to be performed in forensic medicine and sciences, particularly in post-mortem interval, intoxication, drugs of abuse, diagnosis of diseases and cause of death. This review aims to discuss the role and use of great omics -metabolomics, proteomics, genomics and transcriptomics- in forensic sciences, in detail. A detailed review of related literature was performed, and studies were subdivided as per the type of omics. Omics seems as a revolutionary step in forensic science and sure carries it towards a new age. The number of forensic studies utilizing omics steadily increases in last years. Omics strategies should be used together in order to gather more accurate and certain data. Additional studies need to be performed to incorporate omics into routine forensic methodology.

Heroin can be detected and quantified by certain analytical methods; however, forensic professionals and criminal laboratories study for cheaper and faster detection tools. Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy rise as a possible alternative tool with their widening application spectra. There are few studies regarding Raman and SERS spectra of heroin and its metabolites, which are unfortunately controversial. In this study we compared five different surfaces in order to find out more efficient Raman-active substrate for opiate detection and rapid quantification of heroin and its metabolites in saliva. Morphine standard material was used to identify proper surface for SERS analysis of opiates. Heroin and its metabolites (morphine, morphine-3-ß-glucuronide and 6-monoacetyl morphine) were calibrated between 50 ppb and 500 ppm and quantified on AuNRs with signal enhancement of silver colloids in saliva. Raman microscope with a 785-nm laser source was used. Obtained results showed that heroin and its metabolites can be detected and quantified in saliva samples using a SERS-based system. Additionally, the present study revealed that synergetic effect of a specific gold nano-surface with ability controlling liquid motion and silver nanoparticles increase band numbers and intensities. Therefore, we suggest a fast, accurate and cost-effective method to detect and quantify heroin in biological fluids.

Raman Spectroscopy is on the verge of becoming a promising tool in Forensic Toxicology with the increasing number of studies in the literature. Raman Spectroscopy, which has been found successful in many areas of forensic sciences and has found its place in routine use, is gaining more importance recently in Forensic Toxicological studies especially with Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy due to its fast, reliable and cost-effective results. In this paper, the forensic toxicological studies carried out by using Raman Spectroscopy are reviewed and discussed with the findings, and suggestions are made regarding the use and study of Raman Spectroscopy in the field of Forensic Toxicology for future applications.