Bone cement is one of the materials used in orthopaedics that serves various functions, such as binding bone implants, replacing damaged bones and filling spaces within bones. Various materials have been used to synthesize bone cement, and one promising material for further research is fish bone waste-based bone cement. This study investigates the potential of fish bone waste-based bone cement by incorporating nano fish bone (NFB) and L -arginine ( L -Arg) protein into polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) to examine apatite growth. NFB derived from the Salmo salar fish positively influences osteoblast cell proliferation and differentiation, while L-Arg enhances biocompatibility and antibiotic properties. The NFB/L-Arg combination holds promise in accelerating new bone formation and cell growth, both of which are crucial for fracture healing and bone remodelling. Tensile strength tests reveal the superior performance of BC-PMMA-1-NFB/L-Arg (36.11 MPa) compared with commercial PMMA (32 MPa). Immersion tests with simulated body fluid (SBF) solution for 7 days reveal accelerated apatite layer formation, emphasizing the potential benefits of NFB/ L -Arg in bone cement applications.

This study evaluates the performance of ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM) composites for rubber sealing applications in a cable-based tsunami system. Rubber composites were prepared using EPDM rubber with varying monomer and filler content to determine the most suitable composite. Mechanical characterization reveals that the composition of EPDM and the amount of filler loading influence the mechanical properties. Dynamic mechanical analysis shows that ethylene and 5-ethylene-2-norbornene (ENB) content influence the glass transition and viscoelastic behavior of the composite. Thermal analysis of rubber composites using EPDM containing 70% ethylene and 5% ENB indicates no change in thermal stability due to prolonged immersion in seawater. Visual inspection using a microscope reveals no cracks on the surface of the rubber seal after the pressure chamber test for rubber composites utilizing EPDM with 70% ethylene and 5% ENB. It was shown that EPDM containing 70% ethylene and 5% ENB, with optimal reinforcement with 80 phr carbon black, exhibits the best performance for rubber sealing applications in subsea environments.