Based on the self-assembling properties of the SpyCatcher/SpyTag system and the structural advantages of Dps protein, this study successfully constructed a three-dimensional nano-enzyme cascade reactor (3DNECR) through the covalent self-assembly of SpyTag-ADH and SpyCatcher-Dps-ATA117 fusion proteins. The 3DNECR exhibited significantly enhanced catalytic efficiency compared to the two-dimensional control, attributed to optimized spatial organization promoting substrate channeling. The reactor exhibited remarkable storage, pH, and thermal stability. It maintained over 80% activity after 9 days of storage, showed superior pH tolerance across pH 8–10, and remained stable in the temperature range of 4–40 ℃. Molecular docking confirmed strong interfacial binding (− 17.3 kcal/mol) between assembly components and favorable substrate binding (− 7.4 kcal/mol) within the active site. Furthermore, the 3DNECR was applied to the asymmetric synthesis of (R)-1-[3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]ethanamine (R-BPA) in an oil-water biphasic system. Under optimized conditions, the 3DNECR consistently achieved high yields (99.9%) and excellent enantioselectivity (99.9%). The 3DNECR maintained a relative enzyme activity as high as 92% even after six cycles of reuse. This integrated platform showcases substantial potential for efficient and sustainable biocatalytic applications. Graphical abstract

Cerium-based nanozymes (CeNZs) are a class of nanomaterials possessing enzyme-like catalytic activities. Their unique Ce ³⁺ /Ce ⁴⁺ redox pair and multi-enzyme mimicking activities make them highly advantageous for tumor chemodynamic therapy (CDT). This review systematically summarizes recent research progress in the application of CeNZs for tumor CDT. It focuses on their multi-enzyme catalytic mechanisms and the intelligent regulation of their catalytic behavior by the tumor microenvironment. Furthermore, it elaborates on various CeNZ-based CDT strategies, including single-modality CDT, self-supplying CDT, and combination therapies integrated with photothermal therapy, photodynamic therapy, sonodynamic therapy, and chemotherapy. Finally, the challenges and future directions for the clinical translation of CeNZs are discussed, focusing on precise design, biosafety, and efficacy evaluation. As high-performance and tunable nanocatalytic platforms, CeNZs hold broad prospects for developing efficient and low-toxicity tumor treatment strategies.

Sleep disturbance is a prevalent health problem associated with gut microbiota dysbiosis, chronic inflammation, and neuronal dysfunction. Here, we show that Guipi Tang (GPT) combined with probiotics is associated with improvements in pentobarbital-induced sleep responses and hippocampal injury in mice. Compared with individual treatments, the combined intervention showed improvements in several measured outcomes and was associated with changes in gut microbial composition, inflammatory markers, and hippocampal injury. 16S rRNA (16S ribosomal RNA) sequencing (n = 5 per group) revealed alterations in gut microbial composition following sleep deprivation, while the combined treatment modulated the relative abundance of several bacterial taxa. Furthermore, serum levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α (tumor necrosis factor-alpha) and IL-1β (interleukin-1 beta) differed significantly among groups (n = 5 per group; F (4,20) = 3.959, p = 0.0159 and F (4,20) = 10.26, p = 0.0001, respectively). Western blot analysis (n = 4 per group) revealed significant differences in the expression of autophagy-related markers, including ATG5 (F (4,15) = 8.319, p = 0.0032), Beclin-1 (F (4,15) = 13.62, p < 0.0001), the LC3-II (F (4,15) = 13.56, p < 0.0001), and p62 (F (4,15) = 5.870, p = 0.0048). Compared with the Model group, combined treatment significantly increased ATG5, LC3-II and Beclin-1 expression, while reducing p62 expression. In addition, the Bcl-2/Bax ratio increased significantly following combined treatment (n = 4 per group, p < 0.01 vs. Model), accompanied by a reduction in TUNEL-positive cells. Changes in Akt phosphorylation were also observed, although the relationship between Akt signaling and autophagy requires further investigation. Collectively, these findings suggest that GPT combined with probiotics is associated with improvements in pentobarbital-induced sleep responses and hippocampal injury in sleep-deprived mice, accompanied by changes in gut microbial composition, inflammatory markers, and Akt-associated autophagy-related signaling.

A one-pot bio-inspired synthesis approach was employed to fabricate five types of uricase nanoflowers (UOx-NFs), from which Mn-UOx-NFs with the highest catalytic activity were selected. The Mn-UOx-NFs were successfully integrated with magnetic-responsive Fe₃O₄@CeO₂ quantum dots to create efficient loaded dual nanozymes (LDNs). The LDNs demonstrated excellent temperature and storage stability. After being reused 7 times, 18.5% of the enzymatic activity was still retained. Based on the LDNs, a reusable and sensitive colorimetric method for the detection of uric acid in urine was established. The colorimetric detection system exhibited a good linear relationship between uric acid concentration and optical density values at 652 nm within the range of 1–55 µmol L⁻¹, with a detection limit of 0.37 µmol L⁻¹.