The Internet of Medical Things (IoMT) permits continuous patient monitoring, remote diagnosis, and intelligent clinical decision support using networked medical devices. However, IoMT environments are very challenging, given their stringent latency requirements, device diversity, and dynamic clinical workflows, which hinder traditional static access control (AC) approaches from performing effectively. Traditional AC systems, such as role-based AC (RBAC) and fixed attribute-based AC (ABAC), fail to adapt to real-time contextual changes, evolving user behavior, and trust dynamics in medical Internet of Things (IoT) systems. In addition, AI-driven AC solutions often operate as closed box models, limiting transparency and regulatory compliance. This article proposes a trust aware and explainable AC framework specifically designed for IoMT systems, integrating a tree-based ensemble learning model for trust evaluation, explainable artificial intelligence (XAI), and a lightweight hybrid blockchain architecture suitable for real-time IoMT deployments. The framework dynamically evaluates access requests using contextual and behavioral attributes and generates human-interpretable explanations for each access decision using SHAP-based XAI, enabling transparency and compliance with healthcare regulations. To meet IoMT latency and scalability requirements, computationally intensive machine learning (ML) and explainability tasks are executed off-chain, while access decisions and audit logs are immutably recorded using a hybrid blockchain composed of Hyperledger Fabric and Hyperledger Besu. A prototype implementation in a realistic IoMT environment demonstrates that the proposed framework achieves an access decision accuracy of 93.4%, with an average end-to-end latency of 1.8 s, which is suitable for real-time medical workflows. The off-chain AI integration reduces blockchain execution costs by 81% compared to fully on-chain solutions, while preserving security, auditability, and system reliability. These results indicate that trust aware and explainable AC can significantly enhance the security, transparency, and operational robustness of next-generation IoMT systems.

This study investigates the integration of 3D printing competencies into the undergraduate Engineering Drawing curriculum at a private Institution in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. Despite the widespread use of computer-aided design in engineering education, many engineering drawing curriculums remain largely theoretical, offering limited opportunities for students to translate digital designs into physical prototypes and develop applied, industry-relevant competencies. The initiative aimed to bridge the gap between computer-aided design (CAD) skills and practical prototyping, addressing student concerns about the real-world applicability of engineering drawing. A mixed-method, longitudinal research design was adopted, combining pre- and post-intervention surveys with descriptive and inferential statistical analysis, as well as comparative analysis of performance metrics, to evaluate short-term learning gains and longer-term skill transfer across academic levels. A two-phase survey methodology was employed: the first phase was administered to 86 freshman students enrolled in MEN100 before and after a two-week 3D printing module, and the second phase was distributed to 83 sophomore students and four faculty members in design courses (IEN201/202) one year later. The key Results indicate that prior to training, fewer than 2% of students had any knowledge of 3D printing, with 91% perceiving it as difficult to use. Post-training, over 80% demonstrated awareness, 91% agreed that 3D printing supported engineering applications, and 95% confirmed substantial hands-on learning. In sophomore design courses, 90% of students reported that the skills gained in MEN100 directly supported prototyping and problem-solving, while instructors highlighted enhanced independence, creativity, and design confidence. Quantitative comparisons revealed a 28% improvement in spatial visualization and a 34% increase in drawing accuracy among students exposed to 3D printing versus traditional CAD-only instruction. These findings confirm that early exposure to 3D printing raises deeper comprehension, creativity, and applied engineering competencies, aligning curricula with Industry 4.0 demands. This study recommends that future research explore the systematic integration of foundational 3D printing modules into early engineering drawing curriculums to further align engineering education with Industry 4.0 demands.

This paper explores how open-source 3-D printing enhances engineering skills, education, and professional development. Originally dominated by proprietary systems, 3-D printing has been democratized by open-source platforms like the RepRap project and Prusa i3, which allow engineers to rapidly prototype, experiment with materials, and collaborate. These platforms advance innovation by providing access to affordable tools, encouraging creativity and problem-solving. The paper examines how universities have integrated 3-D printing into their curricula, offering students practical, hands-on experience in design, manufacturing, and interdisciplinary projects. This shift bridges the gap between theoretical knowledge and real-world application, preparing students for careers in industries such as aerospace, healthcare, and automotive. Professionally, open-source 3-D printing offers engineers ongoing opportunities to update their skills and remain competitive. Despite challenges like quality control and scalability, technology continues to evolve, driven by collaborative innovation. Open-source 3-D printing is expected to play a pivotal role in advancing engineering by enabling complex designs, cost-effective manufacturing, and novel applications across various industries.