Black cumin seed pulp (C), as well as biochar (CC) produced via pyrolysis of black cumin seed pulp were used to remove methylene violet 2B (MV) and basic yellow 28 (BY28) from aqueous solution. Adsorption isotherms and kinetics were applied at 10, 25, and 35 °C. The adsorption of methylene violet 2B and basic yellow 28 on the black cumin seed pulp and biochar surface was exothermic; the heat of adsorption values were lower than 0. The adsorption capacities of BY28-C, BY28-CC, MV-C, and MV-CC were 212.8, 625, 164, and 909 mg g-1 at 25 °C, respectively. The adsorption of black cumin seed pulp and biochar data were examined with the Freundlich, Langmuir, Temkin, Dubinin-Radushkevich (D-R), and Flory-Huggins (F-H) isotherm models. The kinetics of the adsorption were fitted to the pseudo first-order and pseudo second order equations. The pseudo second order equation gave a better fit than the pseudo first-order equation.

Bu çalışmada, bir mikroalg olan Spirulina hidrotermal koşullarda bio-yağa dönüştürülmüştür. İlk kısımda (katalizör kullanlmayan deneylerde) farklı hidrotermal proses sıcaklıklarının (250 ile 375°C arasında), farklı ilk basınçların (1 ile 4 MPa arasında) ve farklı reaksiyon sürelerinin (30 ile 120 dakika arasında) biyo-yağ ve katı ürün verimlerine etkisi incelenmiştir. En yüksek biyo-yağ verimi ağ. %36 olarak bulunmuş ve 350 °C’de 30 dakika reaksiyon süresinde ve 1 MPa başlangıç basıncında gerçekleştirilen deneyden elde edilmiştir. İkinci kısımda (katalizör kullanılan deneyler) metal halojenürlerin (CsCl, CsCl-KCl, CsCl-NaCl, CsCl-ZnCl₂, and CsCl-SnCl₂) biyo-yağ verimlerine etkisi ve biyo-yağların bileşimleri incelenmiştir. Deneylerde kullanılan metal halojenürlerin biyo-yağ verimlerine önemli bir etkisi olmamıştır. Biyo-yağın en yüksek dizel yakıt içeriği ağ. %78 olarak bulunmuş ve CsCl-NaCl katalizörü kullanılan deneyden elde edilmiştir. Katalizör kullanılmayan deneylerle karşılaştırıldığında katalizör kullanımı biyo-yağların karbon içeriğini az miktarda artırmış, oksijen içeriğini ise az miktarda azaltmıştır. Biyo-yağların içeriğindeki önemli bileşenler aminler, amidler, pirolidinler, indoller ve pirazinler gibi azot içeren bileşiklerdir. En yüksek ısıl değere (yaklaşık 33 Mj/kg) sahip biyo-yağlar CsCl ve CsCl-SnCl₂ kullanılan deneylerden elde edilmiştir.

In recent years, due to increasing concerns about the environment and sustainable production, the effective utilization of wastes has become important. In this regard, it has become essential to obtain products with distinct properties by utilizing different types of biomass together. The world’s annual apricot production is approximately 4 million tonnes. The apricot seeds can be used to produce seed oils; however, remaining residue (apricot seed pulp) from this process is considered as waste. In this study, the co-pyrolysis of waste from the essential oil industry (apricot seed pulp, ASP, and by-products of the paper pulp industry (calcium lignosulfonate, CLS, and sodium lignosulfonate, SLS)) was carried out using mixtures at different temperatures (400–700 °C) and different ratios (4:1, 1:1, 1:4). The effects of temperature and ratio on the yields, composition, and HHV of biochars were investigated. Among biochars obtained from co-pyrolysis, the maximum HHVs of 26.91 MJ·kg⁻¹ and 25.64 MJ·kg⁻¹ were obtained for 5ASP-5CLS-400 biochar and 8ASP-2SLS-400 biochar, respectively. The results showed that the addition of ASP to CLS led to an increase in the HHVs of biochars when compared to the HHVs of biochars obtained from the pyrolysis of CLS. The use of two different types of waste has led to the production of biochars with different properties due to the synergistic effect in the pyrolysis. As a result, biochars with diverse properties, which have the potential to be utilized in various applications, were produced from different types of wastes.