Background: Infectious diseases continue to pose a worldwide health issue, intensified by the capacity of bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa to elude host immune responses through mechanisms involving biofilm formation, intracellular survival, and the release of cytolytic toxins

Background: The prevalence of Methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus remains a major burden to South African public hospitals as patients with burns, neonates and those in intensive care units are at high risk of developing MRSA infection, which accounts for 20-50% of all staphylococcus infections in Africa. This study was conducted to investigate the anti-microbial activity of Kigelia africana on MRSA. Objective: The anti-microbial activity of Kigelia africana was assessed using the Resazurin Microtiter assay with vancomycin as a positive control. Methods: The phytochemicals from Kigelia africana were detected using preliminary qualitative phytochemical assays. Varying concentrations of K. africana ranging from (15, 6-500 µg/mL) were investigated for their inhibitory activity using a REMA assay. Results: Observation of the secondary metabolites revealed the presence of Coumarins, Flavonoids, steroids and tannins. The resazurin microtiter assay revealed inhibitory activity of Kigelia africana against MRSA isolates obtained from clinical hospital setting with the plant concentration 500 µg/mL exhibiting significant inhibitory activity than the positive control. Conclusion: The crude acetone fruit extract of Kigelia africana exhibited significant anti-microbial activity against MRSA, the study revealed inhibitory capabilities of the plant extract against MRSA colonies obtained from the clinical hospital setting.

Aims : this study aims to compare effects of 20mcg fentanyl and 0.5 mg butorphanol as adjuvant to lignocaine adrenaline in supraclavicular blocks with ultrasound guided approach. Material and Methods : Sixty adult patients ASA1 and ASA2 only of either sex undergoing upper limb surgeries of duration less than an hour under supraclavicular brachial plexus block were randomly allocated into two groups. Group A received 20 ml of 2% lignocaine adrenaline plus 20mcg of fentanyl . Group B received 20 ml of lignocaine adrenaline plus 0.5mg of butorphanol. The onset and duration of motor blockade, duration of analgesia, and adverse effects were assessed. Results : The group receiving fentanyl showed a slightly delayed onset of sensory and motor block compared to the butorphanol group, consistent with previous findings (fentanyl onset sensory block ~17.2 ± 2.5 min vs butorphanol faster onset). Fentanyl significantly prolonged the duration of sensory (mean ~374.5 ± 51 min) and motor blockade compared to butorphanol. Side effects such as nausea, sedation, or pruritus were minimal and comparable between groups, with no severe adverse events reported. Conclusion : Fentanyl may be preferred when extended postoperative pain control is prioritized, while butorphanol offers advantage in rapid onset cases. These results support the judicious use of opioid adjuvants to optimize regional anesthesia in upper limb surgery