The aim of the research is to analyze the current state of the protection of relief types within nature reserves and national nature parks of the Ukrainian Carpathians. The study analyzes coverage of usual and unique types of mountain and premountain relief of the Ukrainian Carpathians within nature protection institutions. The method contains a general geomorphological analysis of the relief of nature conservation institutions of the Ukrainian Carpathians. geomorphological structure and zoning of the research region based on the systematization and comparison of the up to date cartographic and descriptive materials. Comparing the map Geomorphological structure (morphostructure and morphosculpture) of the Ukrainian Carpathians (Hnatiuk et al., 2007) and borrowed cartographic materials from the Projects of organization of nature reserves and national nature parks within the region, special representativeness of relief types in the QGIS software is obtained. Authors set a degree of representativeness of relief types within the territories of nature conservation institutions as well as present it in special tables and maps. Additionally, the map ofthe location of nature reserves and national nature parks within the geomorphological zoning of the Ukrainian Carpathians (Rudko & Kravchuk, 2002) is made as well as the character of protection of various geomorphological areas of mountain and premountain parts of the region is clarified. For the first time, authors establish the degree of regional and typological geomorphological representativeness of natural reserves and national nature parks as well as clarify the current state of protection of relief types of the Ukrainian Carpathians in general. Based on the results of the analysis, authors develop proposals for the creation of new nature conservation institutions in the Ukrainian Carpathians for optimization of the relief as well as proposals for the protection of the region and its use in nature conservation, scientific, natural-cognitive, and recreational purposes.

The primary objective of the authors was to measure the deflection of a bridge span using two different methods and to draw conclusions from the analysis of the results. The Millennium Bridge in Wroclaw was selected as the test object. The bridge was surveyed using both classical geodetic techniques (tacheometry) and a static Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) survey. Due to the requirements of both surveying methods, it was necessary to establish a control consisting of five points. Three of these were located on the bridge and were used for displacement measurements, while the other two points were used for control. The article describes the field and office work, considering the measurement process and its analysis. Based on the results, the application of these techniques yielded different values, which influenced their final interpretation. The displacements in the Up, East, and North components are 0.013, 0.011, and 0.032 m by the GNSS technique and 0.002, 0.015, and 0.002 m by tacheometry for the P1, P2, and P3 points, respectively. Furthermore, in the case of the static GNSS measurement, the errors for each displacement did not indicate that any of them was significant according to the three-sigma rule, calculated in relation to the value of each component or point. However, the classical method showed that the displacement at point P2 is significant and is the only one that could have a real impact on the use of the bridge. The result also confirms that a combination of different geodetic technologies, both classical and GNSS, can be effectively used for monitoring cable-stayed bridges.

The aims of the study are to analyze the current state of protection of various relief types within reserves, national parks, and regional landscape parks (RLPs) and geomorphological sites, as well as geomorphosites of the Ukrainian Carpathians. Additionally, the study aims to develop proposals for optimizing relief protection and its use for environmental, scientific, natural, and recreational purposes. The methodology involves a general geomorphological analysis of the relief in nature conservation territories of the Ukrainian Carpathians, based on systematization and comparison of up-to-date cartographic and descriptive materials. This includes comparing the map “Geomorphological structure (morphostructure and morpho-sculpture) of the Ukrainian Carpathians” (Hnatyuk et al., 2007), borrowed cartographic materials from projects on the organization of reserves and national parks within the region, and information on regional landscape parks, nature reserves, and natural monuments from the cadastres of the nature reserve fund of the administrative regions of the Carpathian region. The special representativeness of relief types was obtained using QGIS. The authors assessed the degree of representativeness of relief types within the territories of reserves and national parks, presenting their findings in dedicated tables and maps. Additionally, maps depicting the locations of reserves, national parks, geomorphological sites, and regional landscape parks within the geomorphological zoning of the Ukrainian Carpathians were created. The character of protection for various geomorphological areas of the mountain and foothill parts of the region was clarified. Within the territories of reserves and national parks, the mid-mountain relief and geological structure of the Polonynsko-Chornohirska, Skibova, Vododilno-Verkhovyna geomorphological regions, and the Marmarosh crystalline massif are the best represented. Conversely, the relief of the Zakarpattia Plain is the least protected. In total, seven relief types are unprotected within reserves and national parks – two common in the mountainous areas and five in the foothills of the Ukrainian Carpathians. The highest regional geomorphological representativeness is found in the Carpathian Biosphere Reserve (BR), Carpathian National Park, and Cheremoshsky RLP, while the typological representativeness is highest in Hutsulshchyna National Park and the Carpathian BR. The Synevyr NNP and Carpathian NNP have somewhat lower typological representativeness, with the lowest diversity observed in the relief of the Zacharovany Krai NNP. The Prytysyansky and Chernivtsi Regional Landscape Parks, due to their cluster structure, significantly improve the protection status of foothill relief types and the typical and unique relief forms of the Ukrainian Carpathians. An analysis of landforms with protected status shows that the highest concentration of geomorphological sites is in the Skiba Carpathians (64 sites), dominated by rocks (37) and waterfalls (19), and in the Polonynsko-Chornohirske Carpathians (31 sites), dominated by rocks (12), caves (11), and relict glacial formations. Proposals have been developed for optimizing the protection of the region’s relief and its utilization for environmental, scientific, natural history, and recreational purposes. To enhance the protection of relief types, it is recommended to establish national parks within the Beskid Predkarpattya, Zakarpattia Plain, Verkhnyaya Tysenskaya Depression, and Vygorlat-Gutynsky Volcanic Ridge. Key words: Ukrainian Carpathians; geomorphological regions; geomorphosites; types of relief; reserve, national park, regional landscape parks.

Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSSs) are playing an increasingly important role in monitoring climate change, providing precise and continuous data on processes occurring in the atmosphere, hydrosphere, cryosphere, biosphere, and lithosphere. Initially, GNSSs were used primarily for navigation and geodetic purposes, but the development of satellite signal-processing methods has significantly expanded their applications. This paper presents an overview of climate research with particular emphasis on GNSS-RO, PPP, CORS, GNSS-R, and GNSS-IR techniques. The paper discusses the possibilities for monitoring atmospheric water vapor content, sea-level changes, snow cover, glaciers, soil moisture, vegetation status, and crustal deformation associated with redistribution of the Earth’s mass induced by climate change. The analysis indicates that GNSS observations are currently an important data source for climate and environmental research, as well as in weather forecasting systems, environmental monitoring, and geodynamic analyses. Integration of GNSS data with other remote sensing techniques supports a more comprehensive assessment of changes occurring in the Earth’s climate system as well as supporting the development of methods for adaptation to ongoing climate change.