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Gac is valued for the nutritious aril surrounding its seed. When pollinators are limited or when flower sex expression is female-biased, hand pollination is necessary. Here, female flowers were hand pollinated with male flowers or pollen stored for up to 84 days at 4 or −20 °C, and fruit set and some qualities of mature fruit were evaluated. Cool storage reduced pollen viability (germinability and pollen tube length) and compromised fruit set (10–87%) compared with fresh pollen (97%). Fruit weight was also reduced at least by 8%, and oil concentration in aril by 40%. However, the lycopene and β-carotene concentrations in aril were largely uncompromised, and some fruits were of a marketable weight (>1.2 kg) and quality. Cool storage is a low-cost method for the short-term storage of Gac pollen. However, methods for drying pollen to an inactive state need investigation for a storage protocol, and for improvements in fruit set and fruit physicochemical qualities using hand pollination.
Xuan T. Tran; Sophie E. Parks; Minh H. Nguyen; Paul D. Roach. Reduced Pollination Efficiency Compromises Some Physicochemical Qualities in Gac (Momordica cochinchinensis Spreng.) Fruit. Agronomy 2021, 11, 190 .
AMA StyleXuan T. Tran, Sophie E. Parks, Minh H. Nguyen, Paul D. Roach. Reduced Pollination Efficiency Compromises Some Physicochemical Qualities in Gac (Momordica cochinchinensis Spreng.) Fruit. Agronomy. 2021; 11 (1):190.
Chicago/Turabian StyleXuan T. Tran; Sophie E. Parks; Minh H. Nguyen; Paul D. Roach. 2021. "Reduced Pollination Efficiency Compromises Some Physicochemical Qualities in Gac (Momordica cochinchinensis Spreng.) Fruit." Agronomy 11, no. 1: 190.
Wet coffee pulp (WCP), produced as waste from coffee production, is a rich source of bioactive compounds, especially caffeine and chlorogenic acid. However, it contains high moisture content, thus it is challenging for further utilization due to degradation and microbial deterioration. Dehydration is, therefore, necessary to minimize degradation and ease storage and transportation. As a waste, the common drying methods should be prioritized to be feasible for industrial application. This study aimed to determine the impact of different drying conditions of the three common drying methods including low temperature and pressure, vacuum and hot air drying on physical, phytochemical and antioxidant properties of WCP to identify the most suitable drying conditions. Browning index, moisture content, total phenolic content (TPC), flavonoids (TFC), proanthocyanidins, and chlorogenic acid as well as the antioxidant properties of the dried coffee pulp were significantly influenced by different tested conditions. Vacuum drying was found to be more suitable for drying the wet coffee pulp as compared to low temperature and pressure and hot air drying methods. Vacuum drying at 110 °C retained the highest TPC (14.4 mg gallic acid equivalents (GAE)/g dry weight (DW)), proanthocyanidins (6.8 mg catechin equivalents (CE)/g DW), TFC (13.2 CE/g DW), caffeine (2.9 mg/g DW) and antioxidant capacity. Chlorogenic acid (3.4 mg/g DW) was 13% lower, but energy consumption was 37% less than vacuum drying at 90 °C. Therefore, vacuum drying (3.75 mmHg) at 110 °C for 4h 05 min was suggested for dehydration of the wet coffee pulp for subsequent recovery and processing.
Thy Minh Kieu Tran; Timothy Kirkman; Minh Nguyen; Quan Van Vuong. Effects of drying on physical properties, phenolic compounds and antioxidant capacity of Robusta wet coffee pulp (Coffea canephora). Heliyon 2020, 6, e04498 .
AMA StyleThy Minh Kieu Tran, Timothy Kirkman, Minh Nguyen, Quan Van Vuong. Effects of drying on physical properties, phenolic compounds and antioxidant capacity of Robusta wet coffee pulp (Coffea canephora). Heliyon. 2020; 6 (7):e04498.
Chicago/Turabian StyleThy Minh Kieu Tran; Timothy Kirkman; Minh Nguyen; Quan Van Vuong. 2020. "Effects of drying on physical properties, phenolic compounds and antioxidant capacity of Robusta wet coffee pulp (Coffea canephora)." Heliyon 6, no. 7: e04498.
The peel of Gac fruit (Momordica cochinchinensis Spreng.), which is considered as waste of Gac processing, has been found to possess high levels of carotenoids and other antioxidants. This study aimed at determining the optimal conditions of an ultrasound-assisted extraction for recovering carotenoids and antioxidant capacity from Gac peel. A response surface methodology using the Box–Behnken design was employed to investigate the impact of extraction time, temperature and ultrasonic power on the recovery of total carotenoid and antioxidant capacity. The results showed that an extraction time of 76 min, temperature of 50 °C and ultrasonic power of 250 W were the optimal conditions for the extraction. The experimental carotenoid yield and antioxidant capacity obtained under the optimal extraction conditions were validated as 269 mg/100 g DW (dry weight) and 822 µM TE (Trolox equivalent)/100 g DW, respectively. These values were not significantly different from the values predicted by the models. The HPLC analysis for carotenoid composition showed that β-carotene, lycopene and lutein were the principal carotenoids of the extract, which constitute 86% of the total carotenoid content. Based on the obtained results, the ultrasound-assisted extraction using ethyl acetate under the above optimal conditions is suggested for the simultaneous recovery of carotenoids and antioxidant capacity from Gac peel.
Hoang V. Chuyen; Paul D. Roach; John B. Golding; Sophie E. Parks; Minh H. Nguyen. Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction of GAC Peel: An Optimization of Extraction Conditions for Recovering Carotenoids and Antioxidant Capacity. Processes 2019, 8, 8 .
AMA StyleHoang V. Chuyen, Paul D. Roach, John B. Golding, Sophie E. Parks, Minh H. Nguyen. Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction of GAC Peel: An Optimization of Extraction Conditions for Recovering Carotenoids and Antioxidant Capacity. Processes. 2019; 8 (1):8.
Chicago/Turabian StyleHoang V. Chuyen; Paul D. Roach; John B. Golding; Sophie E. Parks; Minh H. Nguyen. 2019. "Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction of GAC Peel: An Optimization of Extraction Conditions for Recovering Carotenoids and Antioxidant Capacity." Processes 8, no. 1: 8.
Gac (Momordica cochinchinensis) is a tropical fruit. It belongs to the Cucurbitaceae family. Gac pulp (or mesocarp) that accounts for 40–50% of fruit weight is commonly discarded during the processing of Gac fruit. However, this by-product is a rich source of nutrients and bioactive compounds, which are potential to produce edible films. This study aimed to determine the effect of sodium alginate, kappa-carrageenan, Gac pulp and glycerol on film properties and optimise the formula of this composite film for further applications using a response surface methodology (RSM). The results showed that sodium alginate, kappa-carrageenan, Gac pulp, and glycerol affected physical and barrier properties, colour parameters, and mechanical properties of the films. The optimal formulation to generate a composite film from Gac pulp include sodium alginate 1.03%, kappa-carrageenan 0.65%, Gac pulp 0.4%, and glycerol 0.85% (w/v), where this film produces high mechanical properties, low water vapour permeability and acceptable physical properties. This optimised film formulation demonstrates a potential for food application.
Thuy T.B. Tran; Paul Roach; Minh H. Nguyen; Penta Pristijono; Quan V. Vuong. Development of biodegradable films based on seaweed polysaccharides and Gac pulp (Momordica cochinchinensis), the waste generated from Gac oil production. Food Hydrocolloids 2019, 99, 105322 .
AMA StyleThuy T.B. Tran, Paul Roach, Minh H. Nguyen, Penta Pristijono, Quan V. Vuong. Development of biodegradable films based on seaweed polysaccharides and Gac pulp (Momordica cochinchinensis), the waste generated from Gac oil production. Food Hydrocolloids. 2019; 99 ():105322.
Chicago/Turabian StyleThuy T.B. Tran; Paul Roach; Minh H. Nguyen; Penta Pristijono; Quan V. Vuong. 2019. "Development of biodegradable films based on seaweed polysaccharides and Gac pulp (Momordica cochinchinensis), the waste generated from Gac oil production." Food Hydrocolloids 99, no. : 105322.
The seeds of the Gac fruit, Momordica cochinchinensis Spreng, are rich in trypsin inhibitors (TIs) but their optimal extraction and the effects of freeze drying are not established. This study aims to (1) compare aqueous solvents (DI water, 0.1 M NaCl, 0.02 M NaOH and ACN)/water/FA, 25:24:1) for extracting TIs from defatted Gac seed kernel powder, (2) to optimise the extraction in terms of solvent, time and material to solvent ratio and (3) to produce a TI-enriched freeze-dried powder (FD-TIP) with good characteristics. Based on the specific TI activity (TIA), the optimal extraction was 1 h using a ratio of 2.0 g of defatted powder in 30 mL of 0.05 M NaCl. The optimisation improved the TIA and specific TIA by 8% and 13%, respectively. The FD-TIP had a high specific TIA (1.57 ± 0.17 mg trypsin/mg protein), although it also contained saponins (43.6 ± 2.3 mg AE/g) and phenolics (10.5 ± 0.3 mg GAE/g). The FD-TIP was likely stable during storage due to its very low moisture content (0.43 ± 0.08%) and water activity (0.18 ± 0.07) and its ability to be easily reconstituted in water due to its high solubility index (92.4 ± 1.5%). Therefore, the optimal conditions for the extraction of TIs from defatted Gac seed kernel powder followed by freeze drying gave a high quality powder in terms of its highly specific TIA and physical properties.
Anh V. Le; Sophie E. Parks; Minh H. Nguyen; Paul D. Roach. Optimised Extraction of Trypsin Inhibitors from Defatted Gac (Momordica cochinchinensis Spreng) Seeds for Production of a Trypsin Inhibitor‐Enriched Freeze Dried Powder. Separations 2019, 6, 8 .
AMA StyleAnh V. Le, Sophie E. Parks, Minh H. Nguyen, Paul D. Roach. Optimised Extraction of Trypsin Inhibitors from Defatted Gac (Momordica cochinchinensis Spreng) Seeds for Production of a Trypsin Inhibitor‐Enriched Freeze Dried Powder. Separations. 2019; 6 (1):8.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAnh V. Le; Sophie E. Parks; Minh H. Nguyen; Paul D. Roach. 2019. "Optimised Extraction of Trypsin Inhibitors from Defatted Gac (Momordica cochinchinensis Spreng) Seeds for Production of a Trypsin Inhibitor‐Enriched Freeze Dried Powder." Separations 6, no. 1: 8.
Gac seeds are high in oil, but there are few studies on its extraction and characteristics. This study aimed to characterise Gac seeds and investigate the physicochemical properties of Gac seed oil extracted with supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2) and hexane (Soxhlet). The Gac seed kernel accounted for 66.4 ± 2.7% of the seed weight, and 53.02 ± 1.27% of it was oil. The SC-CO2 oil had a higher quality than the Soxhlet oil for important criteria, such as peroxide (0.12 ± 0.02 vs. 1.80 ± 0.01 meq O2/kg oil), free fatty acid (1.74 ± 0.12 vs. 2.47 ± 0.09 mg KOH/g oil) and unsaponifiable matter (33.2 ± 1.5 vs. 52.6 ± 2.4 g/kg) values, respectively. It also had a better colour (light yellow vs. dark greenish brown) and a higher antioxidant capacity measured with the DPPH (52.69 ± 0.06 vs. 42.98 ± 0.02 µmol Trolox equivalent/g oil) and ABTS (2.10 ± 0.12 vs. 1.52 ± 0.06 µmol Trolox equivalent/g oil) assays. However, a higher yield (53.02 ± 1.27 vs. 34.1 ± 0.8%) was obtained for the Soxhlet oil. Unless refined, the oils would not be edible due to their high unsaponifiable matter, but the SC-CO2 oil would need less refining. Alternatively, the high unsaponifiable matter in the oil, especially in the Soxhlet oil, may make it useful for medicinal purposes.
Anh V. Le; Sophie E. Parks; Minh H. Nguyen; Paul D. Roach. Physicochemical Properties of Gac (Momordica cochinchinensis (Lour.) Spreng) Seeds and Their Oil Extracted by Supercritical Carbon Dioxide and Soxhlet Methods. Technologies 2018, 6, 94 .
AMA StyleAnh V. Le, Sophie E. Parks, Minh H. Nguyen, Paul D. Roach. Physicochemical Properties of Gac (Momordica cochinchinensis (Lour.) Spreng) Seeds and Their Oil Extracted by Supercritical Carbon Dioxide and Soxhlet Methods. Technologies. 2018; 6 (4):94.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAnh V. Le; Sophie E. Parks; Minh H. Nguyen; Paul D. Roach. 2018. "Physicochemical Properties of Gac (Momordica cochinchinensis (Lour.) Spreng) Seeds and Their Oil Extracted by Supercritical Carbon Dioxide and Soxhlet Methods." Technologies 6, no. 4: 94.
Background: Gac (Momordica cochinchinensis Spreng) seeds have long been used in traditional medicine as a remedy for numerous conditions due to a range of bioactive compounds. This study investigated the solvent extraction of compounds that could be responsible for antioxidant activity and anticancer potential. Methods: Defatted Gac seed kernel powder was extracted with different solvents: 100% water, 50% methanol:water, 70% ethanol:water, water saturated butanol, 100% methanol, and 100% ethanol. Trypsin inhibitors, saponins, phenolics, and antioxidant activity using the 2,2’-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS), the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and the ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays; and anticancer potential against two melanoma cancer cell lines (MM418C1 and D24) were analysed to determine the best extraction solvents. Results: Water was best for extracting trypsin inhibitors (581.4 ± 18.5 mg trypsin/mg) and reducing the viability of MM418C1 and D24 melanoma cells (75.5 ± 1.3 and 66.9 ± 2.2%, respectively); the anticancer potential against the MM418C1 cells was highly correlated with trypsin inhibitors (r = 0.92, p < 0.05), but there was no correlation between anticancer potential and antioxidant activity. The water saturated butanol had the highest saponins (71.8 ± 4.31 mg aescin equivalents/g), phenolic compounds (20.4 ± 0.86 mg gallic acid equivalents/g), and antioxidant activity, but these measures were not related to anticancer potential. Conclusions: Water yielded a Gac seed extract, rich in trypsin inhibitors, which had high anticancer potential against two melanoma cell lines.
Anh V. Le; Tien T. Huynh; Sophie E. Parks; Minh H. Nguyen; Paul D. Roach. Bioactive Composition, Antioxidant Activity, and Anticancer Potential of Freeze-Dried Extracts from Defatted Gac (Momordica cochinchinensis Spreng) Seeds. Medicines 2018, 5, 104 .
AMA StyleAnh V. Le, Tien T. Huynh, Sophie E. Parks, Minh H. Nguyen, Paul D. Roach. Bioactive Composition, Antioxidant Activity, and Anticancer Potential of Freeze-Dried Extracts from Defatted Gac (Momordica cochinchinensis Spreng) Seeds. Medicines. 2018; 5 (3):104.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAnh V. Le; Tien T. Huynh; Sophie E. Parks; Minh H. Nguyen; Paul D. Roach. 2018. "Bioactive Composition, Antioxidant Activity, and Anticancer Potential of Freeze-Dried Extracts from Defatted Gac (Momordica cochinchinensis Spreng) Seeds." Medicines 5, no. 3: 104.
The colorimetric assay used for saponin quantification in plant extracts is subject to interference by common solvents used to extract the saponins from plant materials. Therefore, the degree of interference of ten common solvents was investigated. It was found that the presence of acetone, methanol and n-butanol in the reaction solution caused an intense darkening of the reaction solution in the absence of saponins, which likely could lead to erroneous saponin content values. Using aescin to construct standard curves with different solvents—such as water, ethanol, and methanol— also showed significant differences in the standard curves obtained, which led to different values when they were applied to quantify the saponin content of an ethanol extract from dried and powdered Gac (Momordica cochinchinensis Spreng) seed kernels. To improve the method, a solvent evaporation step was added prior to the colorisation reaction to prevent undesired solvent interference during the reaction step. Using this modified protocol for the aescin standard curve and the Gac seed kernel extract eliminated any solvent interference. Thus, this improved protocol is recommended for the quantification of the saponin content of plant extracts irrespective of which extraction solvent is used.
Anh V. Le; Sophie E. Parks; Minh H. Nguyen; Paul D. Roach. Improving the Vanillin-Sulphuric Acid Method for Quantifying Total Saponins. Technologies 2018, 6, 84 .
AMA StyleAnh V. Le, Sophie E. Parks, Minh H. Nguyen, Paul D. Roach. Improving the Vanillin-Sulphuric Acid Method for Quantifying Total Saponins. Technologies. 2018; 6 (3):84.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAnh V. Le; Sophie E. Parks; Minh H. Nguyen; Paul D. Roach. 2018. "Improving the Vanillin-Sulphuric Acid Method for Quantifying Total Saponins." Technologies 6, no. 3: 84.
Gac (Momordica cochinchinensis Spreng.) seeds contain bioactive compounds with medicinal properties. This study aimed to determine a suitable solvent and extraction technique for recovery of important compounds, namely, trypsin inhibitors, saponins, and phenolics. The antioxidant capacity and total solids of derived extracts were also measured. Water with conventional extraction method gave the highest value of trypsin inhibitor activity (118.45 ± 4.90 mg trypsin g−1) while water-saturated n-butanol and methanol extracts were characterized by their highest content of saponins (40.75 ± 0.31 and 38.80 ± 2.82 mg AE g−1, respectively). Aqueous extract with microwave assistance achieved the highest phenolics (3.18 ± 0.04 mg GAE g−1). As a measure of antioxidant capacity, the 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS) assay gave highest value to the aqueous microwave extract (23.56 ± 0.82 μmol TE g−1) while the ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay gave highest values to water-saturated n-butanol and 70% ethanol extracts (5.25 ± 0.04 and 4.71 ± 0.39 μmol TE g−1, respectively). The total solids value was highest using water with microwave assistance (141.5 g kg−1) while ultrasound treatment did not improve any extractions. Therefore, trypsin inhibitors are suitably recovered using water while water-saturated n-butanol or methanol is for saponins, both using a conventional method. Microwave extraction is suitable for phenolics recovery. These conditions are recommended for an efficient recovery of bioactive compounds from defatted Gac seeds.
Anh V. Le; Sophie E. Parks; Minh H. Nguyen; Paul D. Roach. Effect of Solvents and Extraction Methods on Recovery of Bioactive Compounds from Defatted Gac (Momordica cochinchinensis Spreng.) Seeds. Separations 2018, 5, 39 .
AMA StyleAnh V. Le, Sophie E. Parks, Minh H. Nguyen, Paul D. Roach. Effect of Solvents and Extraction Methods on Recovery of Bioactive Compounds from Defatted Gac (Momordica cochinchinensis Spreng.) Seeds. Separations. 2018; 5 (3):39.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAnh V. Le; Sophie E. Parks; Minh H. Nguyen; Paul D. Roach. 2018. "Effect of Solvents and Extraction Methods on Recovery of Bioactive Compounds from Defatted Gac (Momordica cochinchinensis Spreng.) Seeds." Separations 5, no. 3: 39.
Background: Gac (Momordica cochinchinensis Spreng.) seeds contain saponins that are reportedly medicinal. It was hypothesised that the extraction of saponins from powdered Gac seed kernels could be optimised using microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) with ethanol as the extraction solvent. The aim was to determine an appropriate ethanol concentration, ratio of solvent to seed powder and microwave power and time for extraction. Whether or not defatting the Gac seed powder had an impact on the extraction of saponins, was also determined. Methods: Ethanol concentrations ranged from 60–100% were used to compare total saponins content (TSC) extracted from full-fat and defatted Gac seeds. Ratios of solvent to Gac seeds ranged from 10 to 100 mL g−1 and microwave conditions ranged from 1–4 cycles at power levels ranged from 360–720 W, were examined successively to evaluate their efficiency in extracting saponins from full-fat Gac seeds. Results: A four-fold higher of TSC was obtained in extracts from full-fat Gac seed powder than from defatted powder (100 vs. 26 mg aescin equivalents (AE) per gram of Gac seeds). The optimal parameters for the extraction of saponins were a ratio of 30 mL of 100% absolute ethanol per g of full-fat Gac seed powder with the microwave set at 360Wfor three irradiation cycles of 10 s power ON and 15 s power OFF per cycle. Conclusions: Gac seed saponins could be efficiently extracted using MAE. Full-fat powder of the seed kernels is recommended to be used for a better yield of saponins. The optimised MAE conditions are recommended for the extraction of enriched saponins from Gac seeds for potential application in the nutraceutical and pharmaceutical industries.
Anh V. Le; Sophie E. Parks; Minh H. Nguyen; Paul D. Roach. Optimisation of the Microwave-Assisted Ethanol Extraction of Saponins from Gac (Momordica cochinchinensis Spreng.) Seeds. Medicines 2018, 5, 70 .
AMA StyleAnh V. Le, Sophie E. Parks, Minh H. Nguyen, Paul D. Roach. Optimisation of the Microwave-Assisted Ethanol Extraction of Saponins from Gac (Momordica cochinchinensis Spreng.) Seeds. Medicines. 2018; 5 (3):70.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAnh V. Le; Sophie E. Parks; Minh H. Nguyen; Paul D. Roach. 2018. "Optimisation of the Microwave-Assisted Ethanol Extraction of Saponins from Gac (Momordica cochinchinensis Spreng.) Seeds." Medicines 5, no. 3: 70.
Mongolia is a low middle income country with enormous burden of viral hepatitis and consequently liver cancer. Antiviral hepatitis therapies are newly available or becoming available in Mongolia, and a nationwide training workshop was held to educate physicians on managing liver disease and these new therapies.
Y.A. Kim; A. Le; J. Estevez; D. Israelski; O. Baatarkhuu; T. Sarantuya; S. Narantsetseg; P. Nymadawa; H. Le; M.F. Yuen; G. Dusheiko; M. Rizzetto; M.H. Nguyen. Need for continuing medical education for liver disease management in Mongolia. Annals of Global Health 2016, 82, 430 -431.
AMA StyleY.A. Kim, A. Le, J. Estevez, D. Israelski, O. Baatarkhuu, T. Sarantuya, S. Narantsetseg, P. Nymadawa, H. Le, M.F. Yuen, G. Dusheiko, M. Rizzetto, M.H. Nguyen. Need for continuing medical education for liver disease management in Mongolia. Annals of Global Health. 2016; 82 (3):430-431.
Chicago/Turabian StyleY.A. Kim; A. Le; J. Estevez; D. Israelski; O. Baatarkhuu; T. Sarantuya; S. Narantsetseg; P. Nymadawa; H. Le; M.F. Yuen; G. Dusheiko; M. Rizzetto; M.H. Nguyen. 2016. "Need for continuing medical education for liver disease management in Mongolia." Annals of Global Health 82, no. 3: 430-431.
Mongolia has the highest reported HCC incidence (78.1/100,000) in the world, in addition to some of the highest prevalence of HBV, HCV, and HDV infection. However, it is unclear whether there is sufficient screening and access to care for these diseases. We aim to estimate rates of screening, antiviral therapy, and barriers to care in Mongolia.
J. Estevez; Y.A. Kim; A. Le; D. Israelski; O. Baatarkhuu; T. Sarantuya; S. Narantsetseg; P. Nymadawa; H. Le; M.F. Yuen; G. Dusheiko; M. Rizzetto; M.H. Nguyen. Low rates of screening and treatment of chronic hepatitis B, C, D (HBV, HCV, HDV), and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), associated barriers, and proposed solutions: results of a survey of physicians from all major provinces of Mongolia. Annals of Global Health 2016, 82, 416 .
AMA StyleJ. Estevez, Y.A. Kim, A. Le, D. Israelski, O. Baatarkhuu, T. Sarantuya, S. Narantsetseg, P. Nymadawa, H. Le, M.F. Yuen, G. Dusheiko, M. Rizzetto, M.H. Nguyen. Low rates of screening and treatment of chronic hepatitis B, C, D (HBV, HCV, HDV), and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), associated barriers, and proposed solutions: results of a survey of physicians from all major provinces of Mongolia. Annals of Global Health. 2016; 82 (3):416.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJ. Estevez; Y.A. Kim; A. Le; D. Israelski; O. Baatarkhuu; T. Sarantuya; S. Narantsetseg; P. Nymadawa; H. Le; M.F. Yuen; G. Dusheiko; M. Rizzetto; M.H. Nguyen. 2016. "Low rates of screening and treatment of chronic hepatitis B, C, D (HBV, HCV, HDV), and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), associated barriers, and proposed solutions: results of a survey of physicians from all major provinces of Mongolia." Annals of Global Health 82, no. 3: 416.
J. Estevez; V.L. Chen; O. Podlaha; B. Li; A. Le; P. Vutien; E. Chang; Z. Jiang; S. Pflanz; D. Ge; A. Gaggar; M.H. Nguyen. Differential Cytokine Profiles in Patients with Hepatocellular Carcinoma Related to Hepatitis B Virus and Hepatitis C Virus Infection. Journal of Hepatology 2016, 64, S327 -S328.
AMA StyleJ. Estevez, V.L. Chen, O. Podlaha, B. Li, A. Le, P. Vutien, E. Chang, Z. Jiang, S. Pflanz, D. Ge, A. Gaggar, M.H. Nguyen. Differential Cytokine Profiles in Patients with Hepatocellular Carcinoma Related to Hepatitis B Virus and Hepatitis C Virus Infection. Journal of Hepatology. 2016; 64 (2):S327-S328.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJ. Estevez; V.L. Chen; O. Podlaha; B. Li; A. Le; P. Vutien; E. Chang; Z. Jiang; S. Pflanz; D. Ge; A. Gaggar; M.H. Nguyen. 2016. "Differential Cytokine Profiles in Patients with Hepatocellular Carcinoma Related to Hepatitis B Virus and Hepatitis C Virus Infection." Journal of Hepatology 64, no. 2: S327-S328.
H.-I. Yang; J. Hoang; D. Lin; J. Liu; H.-H. Hu; M.-H. Lee; N.H. Nguyen; Y. Kim; C.-L. Jen; V. Vu; A. Le; K. Chaung; V. Nguyen; H. Trinh; J. Li; J. Zhang; A. Hsing; C.-J. Chen; M.H. Nguyen. Antiviral Therapy for the Prevention of Long-Term Cirrhosis Risk in Patients with Chronic Hepatitis B. Journal of Hepatology 2016, 64, S591 .
AMA StyleH.-I. Yang, J. Hoang, D. Lin, J. Liu, H.-H. Hu, M.-H. Lee, N.H. Nguyen, Y. Kim, C.-L. Jen, V. Vu, A. Le, K. Chaung, V. Nguyen, H. Trinh, J. Li, J. Zhang, A. Hsing, C.-J. Chen, M.H. Nguyen. Antiviral Therapy for the Prevention of Long-Term Cirrhosis Risk in Patients with Chronic Hepatitis B. Journal of Hepatology. 2016; 64 (2):S591.
Chicago/Turabian StyleH.-I. Yang; J. Hoang; D. Lin; J. Liu; H.-H. Hu; M.-H. Lee; N.H. Nguyen; Y. Kim; C.-L. Jen; V. Vu; A. Le; K. Chaung; V. Nguyen; H. Trinh; J. Li; J. Zhang; A. Hsing; C.-J. Chen; M.H. Nguyen. 2016. "Antiviral Therapy for the Prevention of Long-Term Cirrhosis Risk in Patients with Chronic Hepatitis B." Journal of Hepatology 64, no. 2: S591.
Gac (Momordica cochinchinensis Spreng.) is a tropical vine originating from South and South‐East Asia. Gac fruit has traditionally been used in Asia to provide red colour for cuisines and enhance visional health. Recently, Gac fruit has emerged as a potential source of carotenoids, especially lycopene and β‐carotene. Carotenoids and other identified bioactives from this fruit including phenolics, flavonoids and trypsin inhibitors are associated with many beneficial bioactivities such as antioxidant, anticancer and provitamin A activities. In addition to the traditional utilisation, commercial products like Gac powder and Gac oil have been manufactured as natural colourants and medicinal supplements. This paper is a review of the scientific literature on the nutritional composition, biological activities and processing of Gac fruit.
Hoang V. Chuyen; Minh H. Nguyen; Paul D. Roach; John B. Golding; Sophie E. Parks. Gac fruit (Momordica cochinchinensisSpreng.): a rich source of bioactive compounds and its potential health benefits. International Journal of Food Science & Technology 2014, 50, 567 -577.
AMA StyleHoang V. Chuyen, Minh H. Nguyen, Paul D. Roach, John B. Golding, Sophie E. Parks. Gac fruit (Momordica cochinchinensisSpreng.): a rich source of bioactive compounds and its potential health benefits. International Journal of Food Science & Technology. 2014; 50 (3):567-577.
Chicago/Turabian StyleHoang V. Chuyen; Minh H. Nguyen; Paul D. Roach; John B. Golding; Sophie E. Parks. 2014. "Gac fruit (Momordica cochinchinensisSpreng.): a rich source of bioactive compounds and its potential health benefits." International Journal of Food Science & Technology 50, no. 3: 567-577.
Gac fruit (Momordica cochinchinensis Spreng) aril contains high levels of bioactive compounds including β-carotene, lycopene and fatty acids. Therefore, it is important to find an extraction method of Gac oil resulting in the highest content of bioactive compounds. The effects of microwave and air-drying pre-treatments of Gac aril prior to hydraulic pressing and Soxhlet extraction on the oil yield, nutrients and chemical properties of the oil were compared. Results showed that the highest oil yield could be obtained when the aril was microwave-dried before Soxhlet extraction. This finding was explained by microstructural changes of the dried arils. Microwave-drying prior to pressing resulted in the highest content of β-carotene (174 mg/100 mL) and lycopene (511 mg/100 mL) in the oil extract. Oleic acid (48%) and linoleic acid (18%) were found to be the dominant fatty acids in the oil extracts. Gac oil with the lowest acid (0.69 mg KOH/g) and peroxide values (1.80 meq O2/kg) was extracted when microwave-drying was applied prior to pressing. It can be concluded that the microwave drying pre-treatment before pressing was better than the air-drying pre-treatment for extracting Gac oil of high quality.
Tuyen Kha; Minh H. Nguyen; Paul D. Roach; Costas E. Stathopoulos. Effect of Drying Pre-treatments on the Yield and Bioactive Content of Oil Extracted from Gac Aril. International Journal of Food Engineering 2014, 10, 103 -112.
AMA StyleTuyen Kha, Minh H. Nguyen, Paul D. Roach, Costas E. Stathopoulos. Effect of Drying Pre-treatments on the Yield and Bioactive Content of Oil Extracted from Gac Aril. International Journal of Food Engineering. 2014; 10 (1):103-112.
Chicago/Turabian StyleTuyen Kha; Minh H. Nguyen; Paul D. Roach; Costas E. Stathopoulos. 2014. "Effect of Drying Pre-treatments on the Yield and Bioactive Content of Oil Extracted from Gac Aril." International Journal of Food Engineering 10, no. 1: 103-112.
Momordica cochinchinensis Spreng or Gac fruits are rich in nutrients, including carotenoids, fatty acids, vitamin E, polyphenol compounds, and flavonoids. Medicinal compounds are also found in the seeds, but the benefits of traditional preparations from these need to be clarified. The plant has the potential to be a high-value crop, particularly as parts of the fruit can be processed into nutrient supplements and/or natural orange and yellow colorants. However, the plant remains underutilized. There is limited information on its requirements in production, and the processing of health products from the fruits is a relatively new area of endeavor. The versatility of the fruit is highlighted through processing options outlined for fruit aril, seeds, pulp, and skin into powders and/or encapsulated oil products. These Gac fruit products will have the potential to be utilized in a range of foods such as pasteurized juice and milk beverages, glutinous rice, yogurt, pasta, and sauces.
Tuyen C. Kha; Minh H. Nguyen; Paul D. Roach; Sophie E. Parks; Costas Stathopoulos. Gac Fruit: Nutrient and Phytochemical Composition, and Options for Processing. Food Reviews International 2013, 29, 92 -106.
AMA StyleTuyen C. Kha, Minh H. Nguyen, Paul D. Roach, Sophie E. Parks, Costas Stathopoulos. Gac Fruit: Nutrient and Phytochemical Composition, and Options for Processing. Food Reviews International. 2013; 29 (1):92-106.
Chicago/Turabian StyleTuyen C. Kha; Minh H. Nguyen; Paul D. Roach; Sophie E. Parks; Costas Stathopoulos. 2013. "Gac Fruit: Nutrient and Phytochemical Composition, and Options for Processing." Food Reviews International 29, no. 1: 92-106.
This paper presents a new procedure for modelling the simultaneous heat and mass transfer in direct contact membrane distillation (DCMD) in a hollow fibre configuration. Iterative calculations in classic dimensionless analysis were applied to develop semi-empirical models, employing the analogy between heat and mass transfer. The procedure incorporated the significant effect of the membrane module's geometry: length and tortuosity of fibres in the bundle and fibres’ size. Additionally, the new procedure showed the influence of the exponent β of Prandtl and Schmidt numbers on the validity of the models to simultaneously describe heat and mass transfer in the DCMD process. Current results agreed well with other analyses in the literature. The value close to 0.33 of β, as conventionally used, could be applied for heat transfer and minimal mass transfer. In other more intensive mass transfer cases, it was found that the values of β could go up to 0.55. The new models demonstrated a linear relationship between heat and mass fluxes and their respective driving forces, namely conductive heat flux against temperature gradient and mass flux against water vapour pressure difference across the membrane. Finally these semi-empirical models were applied to evaluate the performance of various hollow fibre modules of different length and types.
V.A. Bui; L.T.T. Vu; M.H. Nguyen. Modelling the simultaneous heat and mass transfer of direct contact membrane distillation in hollow fibre modules. Journal of Membrane Science 2010, 353, 85 -93.
AMA StyleV.A. Bui, L.T.T. Vu, M.H. Nguyen. Modelling the simultaneous heat and mass transfer of direct contact membrane distillation in hollow fibre modules. Journal of Membrane Science. 2010; 353 (1-2):85-93.
Chicago/Turabian StyleV.A. Bui; L.T.T. Vu; M.H. Nguyen. 2010. "Modelling the simultaneous heat and mass transfer of direct contact membrane distillation in hollow fibre modules." Journal of Membrane Science 353, no. 1-2: 85-93.
New products from Gac, an indigenous fruit of Vietnam have been recently found in the worldwide markets as the aril part of the fruit has a high content of lycopene and β-carotene. These carotenoids are currently in special demand as they are natural antioxidants with potential to prevent and treat cancers. This study investigated some processing approaches for the production of powder from Gac arils and used currently developed analytical methods to measure the product qualities. The process development focused on the selection of a pre-treatment method before seed removal and a dehydration technique to minimise the degradation of the carotenoids after processing. The heat and enzymatic pre-treatments could be applied in an industrial-scale seed removal. However, using the same drying method the powder produced without enzymatic pre-treatment had a higher carotenoid content than the enzymatic-treated powder. Constant drying rates and critical moisture contents on a solid basis were measured for oven drying, air drying and vacuum drying. Spray drying and freeze drying were also attempted. Freeze-drying resulted in the Gac powder with the brightest colour and the highest level of carotenoids. The average loss of carotenoids of five Gac powder samples after pre-treatment and dehydration was 35%. These samples stored in vacuo below 25 °C could retain the red colour and 70% of carotenoids after 4 months. They were found to be acceptable in some trial food products
T.H. Tran; M.H. Nguyen; D. Zabaras; L.T.T. Vu. Process development of Gac powder by using different enzymes and drying techniques. Journal of Food Engineering 2008, 85, 359 -365.
AMA StyleT.H. Tran, M.H. Nguyen, D. Zabaras, L.T.T. Vu. Process development of Gac powder by using different enzymes and drying techniques. Journal of Food Engineering. 2008; 85 (3):359-365.
Chicago/Turabian StyleT.H. Tran; M.H. Nguyen; D. Zabaras; L.T.T. Vu. 2008. "Process development of Gac powder by using different enzymes and drying techniques." Journal of Food Engineering 85, no. 3: 359-365.
This paper presents a comparative study on the role of operating conditions in osmotic distillation (OD) and direct contact membrane distillation (DCMD). Comparisons were made for lab scale OD and DCMD experiments on two types of PVDF hollow fibres under similar operating conditions for the concentration of glucose solutions from 30 to 60% (w/w) at temperatures as low as 25 to 45°C. Analysis of the results indicated that temperature was the most influencing factor for process improvement for both OD and DCMD. The flux in DCMD was improved by 3 to 4 times when feed temperature increased by 15 degrees, while this figure was nearly 3 times for OD when feed temperature increased by 20 degrees. The flow rates of the two streams played a more important role in maintaining the driving force, and consequently the flux rate, in DCMD rather than in OD. It was found that feed velocity had significant effect on DCMD performance, but insignificant in OD. Feed concentration, as the determining factor on water activity and viscosity, caused a more serious reduction of the flux rate in the high concentration range of 45-60% rather than in the dilute region of 30-40%. The effect was more significant in DCMD than in OD. The ratio of DCMD flux over that of OD ranged from 0.41 to 0.66 for PV375 when concentrating glucose solutions 30-40% w/w and from 0.35 to 0.69 for PV650 when concentrating high solid content ones. However, DCMD can overcome the disadvantages of OD being poor consumers perception, (due to the use of brine solution being a chemical), the potential problem of corrosion by the brine and the cost of its reconcentration.
V. A. Bui; M. H. Nguyen. The Role of Operating Conditions in Osmotic Distillation and Direct Contact Membrane Distillation - A Comparative Study. International Journal of Food Engineering 2006, 2, 1 .
AMA StyleV. A. Bui, M. H. Nguyen. The Role of Operating Conditions in Osmotic Distillation and Direct Contact Membrane Distillation - A Comparative Study. International Journal of Food Engineering. 2006; 2 (5):1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleV. A. Bui; M. H. Nguyen. 2006. "The Role of Operating Conditions in Osmotic Distillation and Direct Contact Membrane Distillation - A Comparative Study." International Journal of Food Engineering 2, no. 5: 1.