This review synthesizes research on mechanisms of microplastic-induced mitochondrial damage, focusing on oxidative stress and inflammation to address the mechanistic pathways linking microplastic exposure to mitochondrial dysfunction and cellular toxicity. Analysis of diverse in vitro and in vivo studies across aquatic, terrestrial, and mammalian systems was conducted, emphasizing molecular, cellular, and functional mitochondrial parameters. Findings reveal consistent microplastic-induced reactive oxygen species generation, disrupting mitochondrial membrane potential and bioenergetics, with smaller and aged particles exerting greater toxicity. Inflammatory signalling via NF-κB, the NLRP3 inflammasome, and immune cell necroptosis is closely associated with oxidative stress, forming a feedback loop that exacerbates mitochondrial impairment. Molecular mechanisms implicate endocytic uptake pathways, mitochondrial calcium dysregulation, and apoptosis-related cascades, though causal validation remains limited. The interplay between oxidative stress and inflammation emerges as a central driver of mitochondrial damage across models. These integrated insights highlight the critical influence of microplastic physicochemical properties and biological context on mitochondrial and inflammatory responses. The findings inform future mechanistic research and underscore the need for standardized models to assess microplastic toxicity, advancing understanding of environmental and human health risks associated with microplastic pollution.

Butterflies are concerned with scrupulous ecosystem’s productivity. Their diversity and richness indicate affluence in natural variety and resource cock-and-bull story. The present study reports 40 butterfly species of 5 families, which were obtained from an investigation conducted over a period of six months, from June 2020 to November 2020, in five different areas of Dinhata subdivision, West Bengal, India, via camera photography documentation, visual observation and by confined populace. Out of 40 species, 18 species belong to Nymphalidae, 9 species belong to Pieridae, 9 species belong to Lycaenidae, 3 species belong to Papilionidae, and 1 species belongs to Hesperiidae correspondingly. Nymphalidae was recorded as the most prevailing family owing to their species richness and greater abundance than the others. Alpha diversity indices and Whittaker’s Beta Diversity indices were calculated for all the sites. Pollinator butterflies’ abundance and diversity were not deliberated in the past at the above region. On the whole, in this task, we endeavoured to estimate the diversity of butterflies, but no scientific observation was done here to explicate how their richness and diversity in reality have an effect on natural production.

Gastrointestinal (GI) parasitic infections pose a formidable global challenge to livestock production and continue to affect livestock health and productivity, particularly in tropical and subtropical regions. This study investigated the prevalence, diversity, and epidemiological determinants of GI parasites in 1406 cattle, goats, and sheep from three districts of North Bengal, India (Cooch Behar, Alipurduar, and Jalpaiguri). Parasitological data were analysed using descriptive statistics and inferential methods. Overall prevalence was 69.4%, with cattle showing the highest infection rate (71.62%), followed by sheep (69.30%) and goats (67.19%). Spatial variation was evident among districts, with Cooch Behar recording the highest prevalence (71.20%). Seasonal effects were assessed using Generalized Linear Mixed Models (GLMs), which indicated significantly higher infection probabilities during the monsoon (75.70%) and summer (72.95%) compared with winter (57.78%). The predominant parasite genera identified were Eimeria spp., Strongyloides spp., and Fasciola spp. Host-parasite associations were further explored using Multiple Correspondence Analysis (MCA), revealing distinct clustering patterns, with cattle associated mainly with Eimeria spp. and Strongyloides spp., goats with Trichuris spp. and Nematodirus spp., and sheep with Fasciola spp. and Paramphistomum spp. A species-specific heatmap was used to visualize parasite distribution across host species and seasons, highlighting higher infection intensities during the summer and monsoon periods. Overall, the results demonstrate that GI parasitic infections in North Bengal are influenced by host species and seasonal climatic factors, supporting the implementation of targeted, species- and season-adapted parasite management strategies.

Purpose:This study aims to explore the anthelmintic potential of the ethanolic extract derived from the discarded stem ofSchumannianthus dichotomuson the cestodeRaillietinaspp. Additionally, phytochemical screening of the extracts seeks to elucidate the presence of bioactive compounds responsible for the observed anthelmintic activity.Methods: Raillietinaspp., the model parasite, was collected from the intestine of freshly slaughtered fowl and treated with different doses of ethanolic extract and fractions ofSchumannianthus dichotomusfor motility assays to determine the most efficacious dose. Changes in the ultrastructure of the worms were investigated through TEM and SEM. Qualitative and quantitative analysis of phytochemicals in the crude extract as well as GCMS analysis of the ethyl acetate fraction were also done.Results:The worms showed dose dependent reduction in motility and survival. The most efficacious dose and fraction were determined to be 20 mg/ml and ethyl acetate fraction respectively. Changes in tegument and internal structures were evidenced by SEM and TEM observations. The crude extract was found rich in alkaloids, flavonoids and terpenoids. GCMS analysis of the ethyl acetate fraction identified five major compounds out of which Phthalic acid, di(2-propylpentyl) ester may be the major bioactive component responsible for the anthelmintic activity.Conclusion:Our study firmly establishes the anthelmintic potential of the waste part ofSchumannianthus dichotomusand prospects its valorisation.