This review synthesizes research on mechanisms of microplastic-induced mitochondrial damage, focusing on oxidative stress and inflammation to address the mechanistic pathways linking microplastic exposure to mitochondrial dysfunction and cellular toxicity. Analysis of diverse in vitro and in vivo studies across aquatic, terrestrial, and mammalian systems was conducted, emphasizing molecular, cellular, and functional mitochondrial parameters. Findings reveal consistent microplastic-induced reactive oxygen species generation, disrupting mitochondrial membrane potential and bioenergetics, with smaller and aged particles exerting greater toxicity. Inflammatory signalling via NF-κB, the NLRP3 inflammasome, and immune cell necroptosis is closely associated with oxidative stress, forming a feedback loop that exacerbates mitochondrial impairment. Molecular mechanisms implicate endocytic uptake pathways, mitochondrial calcium dysregulation, and apoptosis-related cascades, though causal validation remains limited. The interplay between oxidative stress and inflammation emerges as a central driver of mitochondrial damage across models. These integrated insights highlight the critical influence of microplastic physicochemical properties and biological context on mitochondrial and inflammatory responses. The findings inform future mechanistic research and underscore the need for standardized models to assess microplastic toxicity, advancing understanding of environmental and human health risks associated with microplastic pollution.

The increasing use of antibiotics around the globe has contributed to an increase in antimicrobial resistance and become a major risk to both public health and sustainable development. Reliable and fast detection of antibiotic residues in clinical, agricultural, and environmental matrices is required to monitor antimicrobial resistance effectively. The conventional analytical techniques are sensitive, but they are also expensive, complex and lacking in portability. Voltammetry is a recently emerging electrochemical detection technique that is low-cost and rapid. To the best of our knowledge, for the first time, a meta-analysis was conducted on graphene-based electrochemical sensors and biosensors for antibiotic detection over the last decade. This systematic review critically examines the analytical properties of sensors and biosensors, the physicochemical properties of antibiotics, adsorption characteristics, and the use of nanoparticles to improve the selectivity and sensitivity of devices. This review critically examines the cost-effectiveness, scalability, and practicality of point-of-use devices using graphene-based sensors and biosensors. This systematic review also discusses the potential risks to human health from antibiotic contamination and the role of monitoring in contributing to achieving the UN’s Sustainable Development Goals. This systematic review identifies a gap between developing sensors in laboratories versus their deployment as field-deployable devices; it highlights challenges associated with stability, matrix effects and the complexity of manufacturing devices. Finally, it provides recommendations for future research that may help to address this gap to promote the transition of innovative devices from academic to practical applications.

Gastrointestinal (GI) parasitic infections pose a formidable global challenge to livestock production and continue to affect livestock health and productivity, particularly in tropical and subtropical regions. This study investigated the prevalence, diversity, and epidemiological determinants of GI parasites in 1406 cattle, goats, and sheep from three districts of North Bengal, India (Cooch Behar, Alipurduar, and Jalpaiguri). Parasitological data were analysed using descriptive statistics and inferential methods. Overall prevalence was 69.4%, with cattle showing the highest infection rate (71.62%), followed by sheep (69.30%) and goats (67.19%). Spatial variation was evident among districts, with Cooch Behar recording the highest prevalence (71.20%). Seasonal effects were assessed using Generalized Linear Mixed Models (GLMs), which indicated significantly higher infection probabilities during the monsoon (75.70%) and summer (72.95%) compared with winter (57.78%). The predominant parasite genera identified were Eimeria spp., Strongyloides spp., and Fasciola spp. Host-parasite associations were further explored using Multiple Correspondence Analysis (MCA), revealing distinct clustering patterns, with cattle associated mainly with Eimeria spp. and Strongyloides spp., goats with Trichuris spp. and Nematodirus spp., and sheep with Fasciola spp. and Paramphistomum spp. A species-specific heatmap was used to visualize parasite distribution across host species and seasons, highlighting higher infection intensities during the summer and monsoon periods. Overall, the results demonstrate that GI parasitic infections in North Bengal are influenced by host species and seasonal climatic factors, supporting the implementation of targeted, species- and season-adapted parasite management strategies.

Purpose:This study aims to explore the anthelmintic potential of the ethanolic extract derived from the discarded stem ofSchumannianthus dichotomuson the cestodeRaillietinaspp. Additionally, phytochemical screening of the extracts seeks to elucidate the presence of bioactive compounds responsible for the observed anthelmintic activity.Methods: Raillietinaspp., the model parasite, was collected from the intestine of freshly slaughtered fowl and treated with different doses of ethanolic extract and fractions ofSchumannianthus dichotomusfor motility assays to determine the most efficacious dose. Changes in the ultrastructure of the worms were investigated through TEM and SEM. Qualitative and quantitative analysis of phytochemicals in the crude extract as well as GCMS analysis of the ethyl acetate fraction were also done.Results:The worms showed dose dependent reduction in motility and survival. The most efficacious dose and fraction were determined to be 20 mg/ml and ethyl acetate fraction respectively. Changes in tegument and internal structures were evidenced by SEM and TEM observations. The crude extract was found rich in alkaloids, flavonoids and terpenoids. GCMS analysis of the ethyl acetate fraction identified five major compounds out of which Phthalic acid, di(2-propylpentyl) ester may be the major bioactive component responsible for the anthelmintic activity.Conclusion:Our study firmly establishes the anthelmintic potential of the waste part ofSchumannianthus dichotomusand prospects its valorisation.

Microplastic (MP) and nanoplastic (NP) pollution has emerged as a pervasive and still insufficiently quantified pressure on terrestrial ecosystems, yet its consequences for wild herbivores remain incompletely understood. As key links between primary producers and higher trophic levels, wild herbivores occupy a critical ecological position and may serve both as exposed receptors and as biological vectors of plastic contamination. This manuscript presents a narrative review that synthesizes recent advances in understanding the physiological, behavioural, and ecological implications of MP and/or NP exposure in free-ranging herbivorous mammals, integrating evidence from field surveys, experimental studies, ecological modelling, and supportive mechanistic findings from livestock and experimental mammalian systems. Available evidence indicates that MPs and NPs are consistently detected in wild herbivores from both human-modified and protected landscapes, demonstrating widespread terrestrial exposure. Reported biological effects include oxidative stress, digestive dysfunction, inflammatory and immune responses, altered gut microbial communities, impaired nutrient assimilation, and organ-level damage, although much of the mechanistic evidence derives from controlled laboratory or livestock-based studies rather than direct wildlife investigations. Behavioural responses remain comparatively underexplored, particularly in large-bodied herbivores, with limited evidence for altered foraging, habitat use, and stress-related behaviours. At the ecosystem level, emerging studies suggest that herbivores may contribute to the landscape-scale redistribution of MPs and NPs through movement and faecal deposition, with potential downstream effects on soil processes, nutrient cycling, and plant–herbivore interactions. However, the current evidence base is constrained by major methodological and conceptual limitations, including the lack of standardized detection and reporting protocols, limited ecological realism in exposure studies, taxonomic and geographic biases, and poor resolution of long-term population-level and food-web consequences. Overall, the available literature indicates that MP and NP pollution represent a multifaceted and emerging risk to wild herbivores and the ecosystems they inhabit. Future research should prioritize standardized contamination-controlled monitoring, non-invasive faecal surveillance, ecologically realistic chronic exposure studies, and integrated conservation frameworks that recognize wild herbivores as sentinel species for terrestrial plastic pollution.