Electricity from renewable energy sources represents the most promising way to decarbonize energy systems. A grid connection of car Electricity Storage Systems (ESSs) represents an opportunity to tackle issues regarding electricity production non-programmability, only if sufficiently smart bi-directional Vehicle to Grid technologies (V2G) are widely implemented. Fully Bi-directional grid capabilities are still poor and must be increased, both physically and in terms of management and billing possibilities (in the so-called smart-grid paradigm). However, some V2G technologies may be already implemented in smaller individual contexts: so-called Vehicle to Home, V2H technologies. Starting from these considerations, within the frame of an Italian publicly funded research project, the authors categorized and described many possible application contexts and developed an open-source dynamic simulation (fully available under request for the scientific community) to identify most promising conditions. To this aim, they also synthetized and tested an effective energy optimization algorithm which will soon be implemented on a prototypal wireless V2H device, built by ENEA in cooperation with Cassino University, in Italy. The performances of the system were assessed evaluating electricity auto-consumption and home auto-feeding ratios. Simulations show that very relevant performances can be obtained, up to the values 69% for electricity auto-consumption and 82% of home auto-feeding.

Understanding the structural drivers of global CO₂ emissions is essential for designing effective climate-mitigation strategies and for supporting progress toward Sustainable Development Goal 13 (SDG 13—Climate Action). This study applies the Kaya Identity-based decomposition approach to quantify how population, gross domestic product per capita, energy intensity, and emission intensity jointly shape long-term emission dynamics. Using harmonized historical datasets for the period 1990–2020, the analysis compares global trends with country-level trajectories in major emitting regions, including China, India, the United States, the European Union, and Russia. Results indicate that although energy and emission intensity have improved in several regions, these gains remain insufficient to offset the combined effects of population growth and rising economic output, leading to continued increases in global emissions. Significant asymmetries emerge across countries in terms of development stages, historical responsibility, and capacity for decarbonization, raising important considerations for climate equity. Overall, the Kaya decomposition provides a transparent diagnostic framework for identifying policy-sensitive levers, particularly energy intensity and carbon intensity, and for highlighting where mitigation efforts are most urgently needed to advance progress toward SDG 13.