Over the years, cancer has continued to be a leading global health threat, prompting researchers to explore advanced therapies that go beyond traditional treatments like chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Among these advanced therapies, gene therapy and immunotherapy have shown significant promise in treating cancer by either altering genetic makeup or stimulating the immune system. However, their clinical applications face significant obstacles such as poor drug delivery, rapid degradation, and immune system clearance. Hybrid nanocarriers have emerged as a transformative development in modern precision oncology, enabling the co-delivery of gene therapy and immunotherapy agents in a highly targeted manner to address the persistent limitations of traditional cancer treatments. This review focuses on hybrid nanocarrier systems specifically engineered for co-delivery applications and critically evaluates when and how these multifunctional platforms outperform conventional single-modality or non-hybrid formulations. We compare key hybrid architectures in terms of payload compatibility, pharmacokinetics, immune modulation, and translational readiness, and examine the influence of tumor microenvironmental characteristics on their therapeutic performance. Particular emphasis is placed on stimuli-responsive designs, biomimetic surface engineering, and artificial intelligence–assisted optimization as emerging strategies to enhance co-delivery efficacy. By synthesizing current evidence and identifying key scientific and manufacturing gaps, this review aims to provide a practical foundation for advancing hybrid nanocarriers from laboratory development to clinically meaningful, personalized cancer therapies.

Sepsis-induced liver failure remains a serious and often under-recognized complication of abdominal sepsis. Clinical reports suggest that liver dysfunction develops in a substantial proportion of these patients, and once failure ensues, mortality rises sharply. Despite progress in antimicrobial therapy and critical care support, there is still no therapy that directly halts or reliably reverses septic liver injury. Systemic drug administration frequently underperforms in this setting. Hepatic drug accumulation becomes unpredictable, pharmacokinetics shift, and immune dysregulation further complicates therapeutic control. Nanotechnology-based delivery systems have attempted to address these shortcomings by improving drug stability and circulation time. Yet their behavior under septic conditions remains inconsistent. This inconsistency may reflect a deeper issue: most carriers are engineered under relatively stable physiological assumptions that do not hold during systemic inflammation. Biomimetic platforms, particularly those derived from erythrocyte membranes, offer a different conceptual entry point. Rather than merely evading immune recognition, erythrocyte-based systems interact naturally with hepatic clearance pathways. During sepsis, erythrocyte turnover appears to accelerate, and macrophage-mediated clearance in the liver intensifies. This shift, while pathologic, may present a therapeutic opportunity. In this review, we examine current liver-targeted delivery strategies for sepsis-induced liver failure and critically assess the underexplored role of erythrocyte ghost-based systems. We discuss how sepsis-specific pathophysiological changes reshape carrier biodistribution, identify translational constraints, and propose design considerations for inflammation-adaptive biomimetic platforms. By reconsidering hepatic clearance not solely as a pharmacokinetic barrier but as a potential delivery route, we outline a disease-aligned approach to nanomedicine design in septic organ failure.

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains the leading cause of mortality worldwide and is the principal cause of death in low- and middle-income countries. Although cardiovascular outcome trials have established the benefits of Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs) in reducing major adverse cardiovascular events, the translation of this evidence into routine clinical practice in Central Asia remains limited and underexplored. Specifically, in Kazakhstan, despite measurable improvements in cardiac infrastructure over the past decade, critical gaps persist in early diagnosis, cardiometabolic risk stratification, and the integration of newer pharmacological strategies into routine practice. In this review, we aim to evaluate the potential role of GLP-1-based therapies within the current cardiovascular prevention landscape in Kazakhstan. It also synthesizes current mechanistic evidence and findings from major clinical trials supporting the use of GLP-1RAs as cardiometabolic agents with potential cardiovascular benefits. Furthermore, we examine the practical factors that may influence their adoption within Kazakhstan’s health system, including accessibility, affordability, clinician preparedness, prescribing capacity, regulatory considerations, and policy integration. By integrating evidence from cardiovascular outcome trials, clinical studies, and health-system perspectives, this review seeks to provide a balanced assessment of the potential contribution of GLP-1-based therapies to cardiovascular risk reduction in Kazakhstan while identifying priorities for future research, implementation strategies, and health policy development.

Background/Objectives: Diabetic foot ulcers are characterized by persistent inflammation, impaired angiogenesis, and delayed tissue regeneration. Epidermal growth factor (EGF) is an important regulator of wound repair; however, its therapeutic application may be limited by rapid degradation and poor retention within the wound environment. This study investigated the therapeutic efficacy of local administration of EGF and ceftriaxone using autologous red blood cell-derived carriers (RBCDCs) in an experimental model of diabetic wound healing in rats. Methods: Experiments were conducted on 30 albino Wistar rats (250 ± 20 g) with experimentally induced diabetic wounds. In the RBCDC treatment groups, separately prepared drug-loaded RBCDC formulations containing EGF or ceftriaxone were locally administered into the wound. The corresponding comparison groups received the same active agents in free form according to an identical treatment schedule, while an additional control group received topical Levomekol. Results: RBCDC-mediated administration of EGF and ceftriaxone significantly accelerated wound closure and was associated with earlier resolution of inflammation, granulation tissue maturation, re-epithelialization, collagen deposition, and angiogenesis compared with the corresponding free-drug formulations. On day 9, tissue EGF concentration was higher in the RBCDC (EGF + Ctx) group than in the corresponding free-drug group. Additional formulation characterization demonstrated ceftriaxone encapsulation and in vitro release from RBCDCs, as well as in vitro EGF release from EGF-loaded RBCDCs. Conclusions: Autologous RBCDCs represent a promising local drug-carrier platform for the administration of regenerative and antimicrobial agents in experimental diabetic wounds. Further studies are required to establish local pharmacokinetics, systemic exposure, carrier stability, and the mechanisms responsible for the observed therapeutic effects.