Over the years, cancer has continued to be a leading global health threat, prompting researchers to explore advanced therapies that go beyond traditional treatments like chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Among these advanced therapies, gene therapy and immunotherapy have shown significant promise in treating cancer by either altering genetic makeup or stimulating the immune system. However, their clinical applications face significant obstacles such as poor drug delivery, rapid degradation, and immune system clearance. Hybrid nanocarriers have emerged as a transformative development in modern precision oncology, enabling the co-delivery of gene therapy and immunotherapy agents in a highly targeted manner to address the persistent limitations of traditional cancer treatments. This review focuses on hybrid nanocarrier systems specifically engineered for co-delivery applications and critically evaluates when and how these multifunctional platforms outperform conventional single-modality or non-hybrid formulations. We compare key hybrid architectures in terms of payload compatibility, pharmacokinetics, immune modulation, and translational readiness, and examine the influence of tumor microenvironmental characteristics on their therapeutic performance. Particular emphasis is placed on stimuli-responsive designs, biomimetic surface engineering, and artificial intelligence–assisted optimization as emerging strategies to enhance co-delivery efficacy. By synthesizing current evidence and identifying key scientific and manufacturing gaps, this review aims to provide a practical foundation for advancing hybrid nanocarriers from laboratory development to clinically meaningful, personalized cancer therapies.

Sepsis-induced liver failure remains a serious and often under-recognized complication of abdominal sepsis. Clinical reports suggest that liver dysfunction develops in a substantial proportion of these patients, and once failure ensues, mortality rises sharply. Despite progress in antimicrobial therapy and critical care support, there is still no therapy that directly halts or reliably reverses septic liver injury. Systemic drug administration frequently underperforms in this setting. Hepatic drug accumulation becomes unpredictable, pharmacokinetics shift, and immune dysregulation further complicates therapeutic control. Nanotechnology-based delivery systems have attempted to address these shortcomings by improving drug stability and circulation time. Yet their behavior under septic conditions remains inconsistent. This inconsistency may reflect a deeper issue: most carriers are engineered under relatively stable physiological assumptions that do not hold during systemic inflammation. Biomimetic platforms, particularly those derived from erythrocyte membranes, offer a different conceptual entry point. Rather than merely evading immune recognition, erythrocyte-based systems interact naturally with hepatic clearance pathways. During sepsis, erythrocyte turnover appears to accelerate, and macrophage-mediated clearance in the liver intensifies. This shift, while pathologic, may present a therapeutic opportunity. In this review, we examine current liver-targeted delivery strategies for sepsis-induced liver failure and critically assess the underexplored role of erythrocyte ghost-based systems. We discuss how sepsis-specific pathophysiological changes reshape carrier biodistribution, identify translational constraints, and propose design considerations for inflammation-adaptive biomimetic platforms. By reconsidering hepatic clearance not solely as a pharmacokinetic barrier but as a potential delivery route, we outline a disease-aligned approach to nanomedicine design in septic organ failure.

Background/Objectives: Ceftriaxone (Ctx) is a third-generation cephalosporin widely used to treat infections caused by Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. However, its clinical efficacy may be limited by rapid systemic elimination and suboptimal tissue distribution. Erythrocyte-based targeted drug delivery systems (TDDSs) have emerged as a promising approach to prolong drug circulation and enhance site-specific accumulation. This study investigated the pharmacokinetic profile and tissue distribution of ceftriaxone encapsulated in autologous erythrocytes (RBC-Ctx) compared with free ceftriaxone (Free-Ctx) following intravenous administration in rats. Methods: Ceftriaxone was encapsulated into autologous rat erythrocytes using a hypoosmotic hemolysis loading technique. Drug-loaded erythrocytes are called pharmacocytes. Adult male Wistar rats received a single intravenous injection of Free-Ctx or RBC-Ctx at an equivalent ceftriaxone dose of 340 mg/kg. Plasma samples were collected over 24 h for pharmacokinetic analysis, while the liver, spleen, lungs, kidneys, heart, pancreas, and skeletal muscle were harvested at 1 and 12 h for tissue distribution studies. Ceftriaxone concentrations were quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography with UV detection. Results: Erythrocyte encapsulation significantly modified the pharmacokinetic behavior of ceftriaxone. Compared with Free-Ctx, RBC-Ctx prolonged the elimination half-life (4.4 ± 0.6 vs. 1.8 ± 0.1 h), increased systemic exposure (AUC₀–last, 1.6 ± 0.1 vs. 1.2 ± 0.2 mg·h/mL), reduced total body clearance (218.2 ± 11.0 vs. 294.0 ± 48.8 mL/h/kg), and increased the apparent volume of distribution at steady state (688.3 ± 61.0 vs. 435.0 ± 23.1 mL/kg). In addition, RBC-Ctx was associated with a distinct relative tissue-distribution pattern of ceftriaxone, particularly in reticuloendothelial system-rich organs such as the liver and spleen, while ceftriaxone remained detectable in several tissues at 12 h after administration. In contrast, ceftriaxone concentrations following Free-Ctx declined markedly or became undetectable over the same period. Conclusions: Encapsulation of ceftriaxone into autologous erythrocytes substantially prolonged systemic circulation, enhanced drug exposure, reduced clearance, and altered the relative tissue distribution of ceftriaxone. These findings demonstrate that erythrocyte-based carriers effectively modulate ceftriaxone pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution, supporting their potential as a targeted antibiotic delivery platform for improving antimicrobial therapy, particularly for infections involving reticuloendothelial system-associated tissues. Further studies in experimental models of infection and inflammation are warranted to evaluate therapeutic efficacy under pathological conditions and to optimize this delivery strategy.

Аневризмы подвздошных артерий, особенно в сочетании с аневризмой брюшной аорты, представляют собой сложную клиническую задачу, сопряженную с возможностью разрыва и развитием тяжелых осложнений. Несмотря на широкий выбор эндоваскулярных методов лечения, таких как стент-графтирование, данные вмешательства не исключают развития поздних осложнений, включая образование новых аневризм или их разрыв [1, 2]. В данной статье представлен клинический случай разрыва аневризмы правой подвздошной артерии у пациента, ранее перенесшего стент-графтирование брюшной аорты и подвздошных артерий в 2018 году. Ситуация потребовала экстренного открытого хирургического вмешательства для предотвращения дальнейших осложнений. Использование современных диагностических методов, таких как КТ-ангиография и ультразвуковое исследование, сыграло ключевую роль в установлении диагноза и выборе оптимальной тактики лечения [3]. Клинические наблюдения показывают, что,несмотря на успехи в применении эндоваскулярной хирургии, для пациентов с аневризмами, ранее подвергшихся стент-графтированию, необходим долгосрочный мониторинг и регулярное обследование для своевременного выявления поздних осложнений [4]. Этот случай подтверждает важность индивидуализированного подхода в лечении аневризм подвздошных артерий, а также необходимость принятия решения о хирургическом вмешательстве в зависимости от состояния пациента и особенностей его заболевания. Iliac artery aneurysms associated with abdominal aortic aneurysm represent a complex vascular pathology with a high risk of rupture and severe complications. Despite the widespread use of endovascular treatment methods, including stent grafting, late complications requiring reintervention may still occur. This article presents a clinical case of rupture of the right iliac artery aneurysm in a patient who previously underwent stent grafting. The diagnosis was established using CT angiography and ultrasound examination. The patient underwent emergency open surgical repair, which stabilized the condition and prevented a fatal outcome. This case highlights the importance of long-term follow-up after endovascular interventions and an individualized approach to treatment strategy selection. Құрсақ қолқасыныңаневризмасымен қатар жүретін мықын артерияларыныңаневризмалары жарылу қаупі жоғары және ауыр асқынуларға әкелетін күрделі тамырлықпатология болып табылады. Эндоваскулярлықемдеу әдістерінің, соның ішінде стент-графттау кең қолданылуына қарамастан, қайталама араласуды қажет ететін кеш асқынулар дамуы мүмкін. Мақалада бұрын стент-графттау жасалған пациентте оң жақ мықын артериясы аневризмасының жарылуыныңклиникалық жағдайы ұсынылған. Диагноз КТ-ангиография және ультрадыбыстық зерттеу көмегімен қойылды. Науқасқа шұғыл ашық хирургиялықоперация жасалып, жағдайы тұрақтандырылып, өлімге әкелетін асқынудыңалдын алынды. Бұл жағдай эндоваскулярлық емнен кейін ұзақмерзімді бақылаудың және ем тактикасын жеке таңдаудың маңыздылығын көрсетеді.

Введение. Первичный билиарный холангит — аутоиммунное заболевание печени, приводящее к ранней инвалидизации и смертности больных. Клинические проявления этого заболевания, такие как астения, зуд, нарушения памяти и сна, депрессия и вегетативные дисфункции значительно ухудшают качество жизни пациентов и не устраняются лечением основного процесса. Количественная оценка влияния данных симптомов на качество жизни представляет собой сложность из-за их субъективного и многогранного характера, в связи с этим разработано большое разнообразие опросников и шкал для их изучения. Выбор наиболее подходящего инструмента является сложной и очень важной задачей для как для исследователей, так и для клиницистов. Цель данной работы – обзор различных методов оценки качества жизни у больных первичным билиарным холангитом, и характеристика наиболее часто использующихся опросников и шкал. Стратегия поиска включала исследования и публикации из международных баз данных и ресурсов, таких как Scopus, Web of Science Core Collection, PubMed, MedLine и др. Из первоначальных 178 публикаций была отобрана 51 научная работа, большинство из которых были опубликованы за последние 5-10 лет. Результаты и выводы. Данная работа классифицирует имеющиеся на сегодняшний день методы оценки Introduction. Primary biliary cholangitis is an autoimmune liver disease that leads to early disability and mortality of patients. Clinical manifestations, such as asthenia, itching, memory and sleep disorders, depression and vegetative dysfunction significantly worsen the quality of life of patients and are not eliminated by treating the underlying process. Assessing impact of these symptoms on the quality of life is challenging due to their subjective and multifaceted nature; therefore, a wide variety of questionnaires and scales have been developed to enable such evaluation. Selecting the most appropriate tool is a complex and very important task for both researchers and clinicians. The aim of this work is to review various methods to assess the quality of life in patients with primary biliary cholangitis, and to describe the most commonly used questionnaires and scales. Search strategy included studies and publications from international databases and resources such as Scopus, Web of Science Core Collection, PubMed, MedLine, etc. From the initial 178 publications, 51 scientific papers were selected, most of which were published in the last 5-10 years. Results and conclusions. This work classifies the currently available methods of assessment of Кіріспе. Біріншілік билиарлы холангит (ББХ)– бауырдың аутоиммунды ауруы, ол ерте мүгедектікке және ерте өлімге алып келеді. Аурудың әлсіздік (науқастардың 80 %-де), тері қышуы, есте сақтау мен ұйқының бұзылуы, депрессия және вегетативті дисфункция сияқты клиникалық көріністері науқастардың өмір сапасын айтарлықтай төмендетеді және тек негізгі үрдісті емдеу арқылы жойылмайды. Өмір сапасын анықтаудың сипаты субъективті және көпқырлы болғандықтан аталған белгілердің өмір сапасына әсерін бағалауды сандық деңгейде көрсету қиын болып табылады, сондықтан біріншілік билиарлы холангиті бар науқастардың өмір сапасын сандық бағалау үшін көптеген алуан түрлі сауалнамалар мен шкалалалар әзірленген. ББХ-ті бар науқастардың өмір сапасы бағалаудың нақты құралын таңдау дәрігерлік тәжірибеде де және зерттеушілерге де күрделі, әрі өте маңызды міндеті болып табылады. Мақсаты – біріншілік билиарлы холангиті бар науқастардың өмір сапасын бағалаудың түрлі әдістеріне шолу жасау, неғұрлым жиі қолданылатын сауалнамалар мен шкалаларға сипаттама беру. Іздеу стратегиясы Scopus, Web of Science Core Collection, PubMed, MedLine және т.б. сияқты хал

Erythropoietin is the main stimulator of erythropoiesis, but erythropoietin also has non-hematopoietic effects. The recent data show the positive effects of erythropoietin on tissue regeneration. This review highlights the pathophysiological mechanisms of erythropoietin at different stages of tissue regeneration, and possible clinical applications in wound healing. Aim. Study of the world experience of using erythropoietin for the treatment of experimental wounds and the experience of clinical use for the treatment of patients with chronic wounds. Material and methods. The literature was searched in the databases: Pubmed, EMBASE and Google Scholar using the keywords: "Erythropoietin", "EPO", "wounds", "wound treatment", "VEGF", "re-epithelialization", "skin". The search depth was 20 years. When compiling a search strategy, the use of the title of articles, abstracts, as well as conference materials in English, Russian, Kazakh languages was used. Experimental original articles, narrative reviews were included in this review. Results and discussion. To date, there is a sufficient amount of experimental data confirming the effectiveness of EPO on the pathomorphological processes of skin wound healing, but it is still impossible to determine a single mechanism or cellular function that could be responsible for the ability of tissue regeneration mediated by EPO. Conclusion. Research into the ability of erythropoietin to improve tissue regeneration may lead to new insights into this growth hormone for its regular clinical use in patients. Key words: EPO, wound healing, VEGF, reepithelization, skin.