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Peter Strauss
Federal Agency for Water Management, Institute for Land and Water Management Research, 3252 Petzenkirchen, Austria

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Journal article
Published: 17 August 2021 in Water
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The quantitative prediction of hydrological components through hydrological models could serve as a basis for developing better land and water management policies. This study provides a comprehensive step by step modelling approach for a small agricultural watershed using the SWAT model. The watershed is situated in Petzenkirchen in the western part of Lower Austria and has total area of 66 hectares. At present, 87% of the catchment area is arable land, 5% is used as pasture, 6% is forested and 2% is paved. The calibration approach involves a sequential calibration of the model starting from surface runoff, and groundwater flow, followed by crop yields and then soil moisture, and finally total streamflow and sediment yields. Calibration and validation are carried out using the r-package SWATplusR. The impact of each calibration step on sediment yields and total streamflow is evaluated. The results of this approach are compared with those of the conventional model calibration approach, where all the parameters governing various hydrological processes are calibrated simultaneously. Results showed that the model was capable of successfully predicting surface runoff, groundwater flow, soil profile water content, total streamflow and sediment yields with Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE) of greater than 0.75. Crop yields were also well simulated with a percent bias (PBIAS) ranging from −17% to 14%. Surface runoff calibration had the highest impact on streamflow output, improving NSE from 0.39 to 0.77. The step-wise calibration approach performed better for streamflow prediction than the simultaneous calibration approach. The results of this study show that the step-wise calibration approach is more accurate, and provides a better representation of different hydrological components and processes than the simultaneous calibration approach.

ACS Style

Francis Kilundu Musyoka; Peter Strauss; Guangju Zhao; Raghavan Srinivasan; Andreas Klik. Multi-Step Calibration Approach for SWAT Model Using Soil Moisture and Crop Yields in a Small Agricultural Catchment. Water 2021, 13, 2238 .

AMA Style

Francis Kilundu Musyoka, Peter Strauss, Guangju Zhao, Raghavan Srinivasan, Andreas Klik. Multi-Step Calibration Approach for SWAT Model Using Soil Moisture and Crop Yields in a Small Agricultural Catchment. Water. 2021; 13 (16):2238.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Francis Kilundu Musyoka; Peter Strauss; Guangju Zhao; Raghavan Srinivasan; Andreas Klik. 2021. "Multi-Step Calibration Approach for SWAT Model Using Soil Moisture and Crop Yields in a Small Agricultural Catchment." Water 13, no. 16: 2238.

Journal article
Published: 29 April 2021 in Hydrology and Earth System Sciences
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Connectivity of the hillslope and the stream is a non-stationary and non-linear phenomenon dependent on many controls. The objective of this study is to identify these controls by examining the spatial and temporal patterns of the similarity between shallow groundwater and soil moisture dynamics and streamflow dynamics in the Hydrological Open Air Laboratory (HOAL), a small (66 ha) agricultural headwater catchment in Lower Austria. We investigate the responses to 53 precipitation events and the seasonal dynamics of streamflow, groundwater and soil moisture over 2 years. The similarity, in terms of Spearman correlation coefficient, hysteresis index and peak-to-peak time, of groundwater to streamflow shows a clear spatial organization, which is best correlated with topographic position index, topographic wetness index and depth to the groundwater table. The similarity is greatest in the riparian zone and diminishes further away from the stream where the groundwater table is deeper. Soil moisture dynamics show high similarity to streamflow but no clear spatial pattern. This is reflected in a low correlation of the similarity with site characteristics. However, the similarity increases with increasing catchment wetness and rainfall duration. Groundwater connectivity to the stream on the seasonal scale is higher than that on the event scale, indicating that groundwater contributes more to the baseflow than to event runoff.

ACS Style

Lovrenc Pavlin; Borbála Széles; Peter Strauss; Alfred Paul Blaschke; Günter Blöschl. Event and seasonal hydrologic connectivity patterns in an agricultural headwater catchment. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 2021, 25, 2327 -2352.

AMA Style

Lovrenc Pavlin, Borbála Széles, Peter Strauss, Alfred Paul Blaschke, Günter Blöschl. Event and seasonal hydrologic connectivity patterns in an agricultural headwater catchment. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences. 2021; 25 (4):2327-2352.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Lovrenc Pavlin; Borbála Széles; Peter Strauss; Alfred Paul Blaschke; Günter Blöschl. 2021. "Event and seasonal hydrologic connectivity patterns in an agricultural headwater catchment." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 25, no. 4: 2327-2352.

Preprint content
Published: 04 March 2021
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Upscaling groundwater transport from the column scale to the field scale is relevant because field tests with various tracers are often too expensive or not permissible, due to public health or environmental concerns.  Therefore, when testing chemical or pathogenic tracers, work is often done using small scale columns in the laboratory and results are extrapolated to the field. Several studies compare tracer transport in small-scale columns to tests in the field, but there is yet to be a study that compares groundwater transport using a meso-scale as well. Within a framework of upscaling, three scales are considered: small laboratory columns (0.1 m scale), a large intact core (1 m scale), and a real-world gravel aquifer (10 m scale).  The small column is filled with gravel material taken from boreholes at the field site, which is close to Vienna, Austria.  The meso-scale consists of an undisturbed gravel column, which was taken from a gravel pit near Neuhofen an der Ybbs, Austria. It was found that scale effects observed may be due to heterogeneity at the macropore scale versus preferential flowpaths at the meso-scale and field scale. Additionally, differences may be observed due to the small columns being repacked with aquifer material and the large column and field site being “undisturbed”.  The meso-scale column allows us to gain insight into the upscaling processes by incorporating an in-between step when comparing groundwater transport at the column to the field scale.

ACS Style

Margaret Stevenson; Thomas Oudega; Gerhard Lindner; Andreas Scheidl; Alexander Eder; Peter Strauss; Alfred Paul Blaschke. Upscaling Subsurface Transport from the Column to the Field: A Focus on the Meso-Scale. 2021, 1 .

AMA Style

Margaret Stevenson, Thomas Oudega, Gerhard Lindner, Andreas Scheidl, Alexander Eder, Peter Strauss, Alfred Paul Blaschke. Upscaling Subsurface Transport from the Column to the Field: A Focus on the Meso-Scale. . 2021; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Margaret Stevenson; Thomas Oudega; Gerhard Lindner; Andreas Scheidl; Alexander Eder; Peter Strauss; Alfred Paul Blaschke. 2021. "Upscaling Subsurface Transport from the Column to the Field: A Focus on the Meso-Scale." , no. : 1.

Preprint content
Published: 04 March 2021
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Global climate change has a major impact on the availability of water in agriculture. Sustainable agricultural productivity to ensure food security requires good agricultural water management.

Soil moisture is one of the important variables in irrigation management, and there are many different techniques for estimating it at different scales, from point to landscape scales.

Cosmic-Ray Neutron Sensor (CRNS) technology has the capability to estimate field-scale soil moisture (SM) in large areas of up to 20 to 30 ha and has demonstrated its ability to support agricultural water management and hydrology studies. However, measurement of soil moisture on a global or regional scale can only be achieved from satellite remote sensing.

Recently, active microwave remote sensing Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) imaging from Sentinel-1 shows great potential for high spatial resolution soil moisture monitoring and can be the basis for producing soil moisture maps. However, these maps can be only used after calibration. Such calibration can be done through traditional, point soil moisture sampling or measurement, which is time-consuming and costly. CRNS technology can be used for calibration and validation remote sensing imagery predictions at field and area-wide level.

In this study a conversion model to retrieve soil moisture from Sentinel-1 (SAR) was developed using the VV (vertical-vertical) polarization, which is highly sensitive to soil moisture, and then calibrated and validated using CRNS data from temperate (Austria) and semi-arid (Kuwait) Environments. This study is a major step in the monitoring of soil moisture at high spatial and temporal resolution by combining remote sensing and the CRNS based nuclear technology. The preliminary results show the great potential of using nuclear technology such as CRNS for remote sensing calibration of Sentinel-1 (SAR).

ACS Style

Hami Said; Modou Mbaye; Lee Kheng Heng; Emil Fulajtar; Georg Weltin; Trenton Franz; Gerd Dercon; Peter Strauss; Gerhard Rab; Habiba Saud Al-Menaia; Mapathe Ndiaye. High-resolution soil moisture mapping through the use of Cosmic-Ray Neutron Sensor and Sentinel-1 data for temperate and semi-arid environments. 2021, 1 .

AMA Style

Hami Said, Modou Mbaye, Lee Kheng Heng, Emil Fulajtar, Georg Weltin, Trenton Franz, Gerd Dercon, Peter Strauss, Gerhard Rab, Habiba Saud Al-Menaia, Mapathe Ndiaye. High-resolution soil moisture mapping through the use of Cosmic-Ray Neutron Sensor and Sentinel-1 data for temperate and semi-arid environments. . 2021; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Hami Said; Modou Mbaye; Lee Kheng Heng; Emil Fulajtar; Georg Weltin; Trenton Franz; Gerd Dercon; Peter Strauss; Gerhard Rab; Habiba Saud Al-Menaia; Mapathe Ndiaye. 2021. "High-resolution soil moisture mapping through the use of Cosmic-Ray Neutron Sensor and Sentinel-1 data for temperate and semi-arid environments." , no. : 1.

Preprint content
Published: 04 March 2021
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In agricultural catchments, subsurface runoff is an important process for streamflow generation and the transport of nutrients and pollutants within and out of the catchment. Where and when subsurface runoff occurs is linked to the hydrologic connectivity in the catchment. This study compares spatial patterns of the connectivity between the hillslope and the stream on the event and seasonal scale. We analyse streamflow and groundwater responses to 53 precipitation events and their seasonal dynamics over two years in the Hydrologic Open Air Laboratory (HOAL), a small (66 ha) agricultural headwater catchment in Lower Austria. We quantify the connectivity in terms of Spearman correlation, hysteresis index and peak-to-peak time between streamflow and groundwater dynamics. It shows a clear spatial pattern, i.e. the connectivity is greatest in the riparian zone and diminishes further away from the stream where the groundwater table is deeper. This is reflected in the significant correlation of connectivity to the topographic indices and groundwater depth. Groundwater connectivity to the stream on the seasonal scale is higher than that on the event scale, indicating that groundwater contributes more to the baseflow than event runoff.

ACS Style

Lovrenc Pavlin; Borbála Széles; Peter Strauss; Alfred Paul Blaschke; Günter Blöschl. Comparison of the event and seasonal hillslope-stream hydrologic connectivity in an agricultural headwater catchment. 2021, 1 .

AMA Style

Lovrenc Pavlin, Borbála Széles, Peter Strauss, Alfred Paul Blaschke, Günter Blöschl. Comparison of the event and seasonal hillslope-stream hydrologic connectivity in an agricultural headwater catchment. . 2021; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Lovrenc Pavlin; Borbála Széles; Peter Strauss; Alfred Paul Blaschke; Günter Blöschl. 2021. "Comparison of the event and seasonal hillslope-stream hydrologic connectivity in an agricultural headwater catchment." , no. : 1.

Preprint content
Published: 04 March 2021
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Traditional field calibration of cosmic-Ray neutron sensors (CRNS) for area-wide soil moisture monitoring is based on time-consuming and often expensive soil sample collection and conventional soil moisture measurement. This calibration requires two field campaigns, one under dry and one under wet soil conditions. However, depending on the agro-ecological context more field campaigns may be required for calibration, due to for instance crop biomass water interference. In addition, the current calibration method includes corrections considering several parameters influencing neutron counts, the proxy for soil moisture, such as soil lattice water, organic carbon, and biomass which need to be measured.

The main objective of this study is to investigate and develop an alternative calibration method to the currently available field calibration method. To this end, a Deep Learning model architecture under the TensorFlow machine learning framework is used to calibrate the Cosmic-Ray sensor.

The Deep Learning model is built with more than 8 years of CRNS data from Petzenkirchen (Austria) and consists of four hidden layers with activation function and a succession of batch normalization. Prior to build the Deep Learning model, data analysis consisting of pertinent variables selection was performed with multivariate statistical analysis of correlation. Among nine features, five were effectively pertinent and included in the machine learning artificial neural network architecture. The five input variables were the raw neutrons counts (N1 and N2), humidity (H), air pressure (P4) and temperature (T7).

The preliminary results show a linear regression with an R2 of 0.97 and the model predicted the soil moisture with less than 1% error.

These preliminary results are encouraging and proved that a machine learning based method could be a valuable alternative calibration method for CRNS against the current field calibration method.

More investigation will be performed to test the model under different agro-ecological conditions, such as Nebraska, USA. Further, additional input variables will be considered in the development of machine learning based models, to bring in agro-ecological information, such as crop cover, growth stage, precipitation related to the CRNS footprint. 

ACS Style

Modou Mbaye; Hami Said; Trenton Franz; Georg Weltin; Gerd Dercon; Lee Kheng Heng; Emil Fulajtar; Peter Strauss; Gerhard Rab; Mapathe Ndiaye. Deep learning approach for calibrating Cosmic-Ray Neutron Sensors (CRNS) in area-wide soil moisture monitoring. 2021, 1 .

AMA Style

Modou Mbaye, Hami Said, Trenton Franz, Georg Weltin, Gerd Dercon, Lee Kheng Heng, Emil Fulajtar, Peter Strauss, Gerhard Rab, Mapathe Ndiaye. Deep learning approach for calibrating Cosmic-Ray Neutron Sensors (CRNS) in area-wide soil moisture monitoring. . 2021; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Modou Mbaye; Hami Said; Trenton Franz; Georg Weltin; Gerd Dercon; Lee Kheng Heng; Emil Fulajtar; Peter Strauss; Gerhard Rab; Mapathe Ndiaye. 2021. "Deep learning approach for calibrating Cosmic-Ray Neutron Sensors (CRNS) in area-wide soil moisture monitoring." , no. : 1.

Preprint content
Published: 04 March 2021
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Freshwater is a scarce resource facing a growing demand. One aspect of this growing demand arises from the expansion and intensification of crop production on irrigated land. To preserve valuable water resources, agricultural water management must aim at an efficient use of water. This can be approached by facilitating sufficient water supply for optimal crop transpiration (T) and thus crop production, and at the same time reduce unproductive water losses due to soil evaporation (E). In this regard, knowing the ratios of E and T and how they are affected by environmental and management conditions is required to develop, adapt, and evaluate agricultural practices with respect to efficient water use.

The study aimed at applying a modified E-T-partitioning method to evaluate irrigation and how varying water availability affected E and T ratios. Field experiments were conducted 2019 in Groß-Enzersdorf in the agricultural region Marchfeld east of Vienna, Austria (48°12’ N, 16°34’ E; 157 m elevation a.s.l., average annual precipitation of approx. 540 mm). A conventionally managed field was planted with soybean (glycine max l. merr) and irrigated twice with a hose reel irrigation machine. Partitioning of evapotranspiration (ET) was analyzed using an adapted water balance and stable isotope mass balance method. Monitoring throughout the soybean vegetation period comprised weekly analyses of the isotopic composition of soil samples, the profile water content in 10 cm steps down to 80 cm, weather data, the isotopic signatures of precipitation and irrigation water, ET, and crop growing stages. ET was measured with eddy covariance technique, and isotopic fractionation for determining E and T ratios was calculated from measured boundary conditions.

Weekly T ratios from blossom to beginning of maturation of soybean ranged from 56 to 84 %, which is in agreement with studies based on comparable partitioning methods. The relation between E and T did not only progress according to the canopy development but also responded to water availability in the rooting zone. During the vegetative growth stage, for example, the proportion of T was larger at partial canopy cover and sufficient water availability (from spring precipitation) compared to full canopy cover and when facing soil water stress. When soil surface was dry, E dropped to almost zero. On the other hand, a wetted surface substantially raised the E, even under closed canopy. Multiple small rain events during full canopy cover mainly contributed to E. As the analyses sufficiently revealed the relations of E and T ratios to changing boundary conditions, the method proved useful to evaluate irrigation events and strategies and deduce further improvements. In case of using a hose reel irrigation machine, the results suggest an intensification of the individual watering. However, a quantitative relationship between irrigation and the amount of water used for T would require shorter evaluation intervals of 2-3 days.

ACS Style

Gunther Liebhard; Andreas Klik; Christine Stumpp; Peter Strauß; Reinhard Nolz. Assessment of evaporation and transpiration ratios under varying moisture conditions in a soybean field. 2021, 1 .

AMA Style

Gunther Liebhard, Andreas Klik, Christine Stumpp, Peter Strauß, Reinhard Nolz. Assessment of evaporation and transpiration ratios under varying moisture conditions in a soybean field. . 2021; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Gunther Liebhard; Andreas Klik; Christine Stumpp; Peter Strauß; Reinhard Nolz. 2021. "Assessment of evaporation and transpiration ratios under varying moisture conditions in a soybean field." , no. : 1.

Preprint content
Published: 04 March 2021
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Wind erosion of arable soil is considered a risk factor for Austrian fields, but direct measurements of soil loss are not available until now. Despite this uncertainty, vegetated windbreaks have been established to minimize adverse wind impacts on arable land. The study addresses these questions: i) How relevant is wind erosion as a factor of soil degradation? ii) How important is the protective effect of vegetated windbreaks? iii) Are systematic patterns of spatial and temporal variability of wind erosion rates detectable in response to weather conditions? 

Two experimental fields adjacent to windbreaks were equipped with sediment traps, soil moisture sensors, and meteorological measurement equipment for microclimatic patterns. Sediment traps were arranged in high spatial resolution from next to the windbreak to a distance of ten times the windbreak height. Beginning in January 2020, the amount of trapped sediment was analyzed every three weeks. The highest wind erosion rates on bare soil were observed in June and July. For unprotected fields with bare soil, upscaled annual erosion rates were as high as 0.8 tons per hectare, and sediment trapped increased in a linear fashion with distance from the windbreak. Soil water content near the surface (5 cm depth) was three percent higher at a distance of two times the height of the windbreak than at a distance of six times the height. For the same respective distances from the windbreak, we observed 29 days of soil water contents below the wilting point compared with 60 days.

The preliminary outcomes confirmed the expected effects of windbreaks on soil erosion and microclimate in agricultural fields. Prospective results from multiple vegetation periods will be used in an upscaling approach to gain informations for the whole basin. That is meant to be done by a combination with a soil wind erosion model which was so far used for regional modelling of wind erosion susceptibility.

ACS Style

Thomas Weninger; Simon Scheper; Nathan King; Karl Gartner; Barbara Kitzler; Lenka Lackoova; Peter Strauss; Kerstin Michel. Spatio-temporal effects of vegetated windbreaks on wind erosion and microclimate as basis for model development. 2021, 1 .

AMA Style

Thomas Weninger, Simon Scheper, Nathan King, Karl Gartner, Barbara Kitzler, Lenka Lackoova, Peter Strauss, Kerstin Michel. Spatio-temporal effects of vegetated windbreaks on wind erosion and microclimate as basis for model development. . 2021; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Thomas Weninger; Simon Scheper; Nathan King; Karl Gartner; Barbara Kitzler; Lenka Lackoova; Peter Strauss; Kerstin Michel. 2021. "Spatio-temporal effects of vegetated windbreaks on wind erosion and microclimate as basis for model development." , no. : 1.

Preprint content
Published: 04 March 2021
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Exploring the isotopic composition of precipitation and streamflow in small catchments and the event and pre-event components of precipitation events using two-component isotopic hydrograph separation may better explain the overall catchment behaviour, more specifically the sources of water origin. This study’s main objective is to investigate the origin of water for different streamflow gauges in a small agricultural catchment, which represent different runoff generation mechanisms. The analysis will be performed in the Hydrological Open Air Laboratory (HOAL) in Austria, a 66 ha experimental catchment dominated by agricultural land use (Blöschl et al., 2016). One of the main specialities of this research catchment is that several tributaries of the catchment representing different runoff generation mechanisms are gauged, such as tile drainage flow or saturation excess runoff from erosion gullies. Two-component isotopic hydrograph separation (for both 18O and 2H) will be conducted for five streamflow gauges (catchment inlet and outlet, two erosion gullies and a tile drainage system) for multiple events in the period 2013-2018. The results will be linked and interpreted using additional observations such as time-lapse images of overland flow, electric conductivity measurements, groundwater level changes, evapotranspiration measurements, etc. The aim is to explain and discuss the processes of rainfall-runoff generation in small agricultural catchments.

 

Reference:

Blöschl, G., et al. (2016). The Hydrological Open Air Laboratory (HOAL) in Petzenkirchen: A hypothesis‐driven observatory. Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 20(1), 227–255. doi: 10.5194/hess‐20‐227‐2016.

ACS Style

Borbála Széles; Juraj Parajka; Ladislav Holko; Stefan Wyhlidal; Katharina Schott; Christine Stumpp; Patrick Hogan; Lovrenc Pavlin; Peter Strauss; Günter Blöschl. Isotopic hydrograph separation in a small agricultural catchment. 2021, 1 .

AMA Style

Borbála Széles, Juraj Parajka, Ladislav Holko, Stefan Wyhlidal, Katharina Schott, Christine Stumpp, Patrick Hogan, Lovrenc Pavlin, Peter Strauss, Günter Blöschl. Isotopic hydrograph separation in a small agricultural catchment. . 2021; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Borbála Széles; Juraj Parajka; Ladislav Holko; Stefan Wyhlidal; Katharina Schott; Christine Stumpp; Patrick Hogan; Lovrenc Pavlin; Peter Strauss; Günter Blöschl. 2021. "Isotopic hydrograph separation in a small agricultural catchment." , no. : 1.

Research article
Published: 08 February 2021 in Earth Surface Processes and Landforms
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An understanding of splash erosion is the basis to describe the impact of rain characteristics on soil disturbance. In typical splash cup experiments, splashed soil is collected, filtered and weighed. As a way to collect additional data, our experiments have been supplemented by a photogrammetric approach. A total of three soils were tested across three sites; one in the Czech Republic and two in Austria, all equipped with rain gauges and disdrometers to measure rainfall parameters. The Structure from Motion‐Multi‐View Stereo (SfM‐MVS) photogrammetric method was used to measure the raindrops impact on the soil surface. The images were processed using Agisoft PhotoScan, resulting in orthophotos and digital elevation models (DEM) with a resolution of 0.1 mm/pix. The surface statistics included the mean surface height (its standard deviation was used as a measure of surface roughness), slope and other parameters. These parameters were evaluated depending on soil texture and rainfall parameters. The results show a linear correlation between consolidation and splash erosion with a coefficient of determination (R2) of approximately 0.65 for all three soils. When comparing the change in soil volume with rainfall parameters, the best correlation was found with the maximum 30‐minute intensity (I30) resulting in the R2 0.48 (soil A, silt loam, 26% clay); 0.59 (soil B, silt loam, 18% clay); and 0.68 (soil C, loamy sand, 12% clay). The initial increase in the sample volume for the lowest splashed mass corresponds with the increase in the clay content of each of the soils. Soil A swells the most. Soil B swells less. Soil C does not swell at all, and consolidates the most. We derived the relationship between the photogrammetrically measured change in surface height and the splash erosion (measured by weight) by accounting for the effect of the clay content.

ACS Style

Tomáš Laburda; Josef Krása; David Zumr; Jan Devátý; Michal Vrána; Nives Zambon; Lisbeth Lolk Johannsen; Andreas Klik; Peter Strauss; Tomáš Dostál. SfM‐MVS Photogrammetry for Splash Erosion Monitoring under Natural Rainfall. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 2021, 46, 1067 -1082.

AMA Style

Tomáš Laburda, Josef Krása, David Zumr, Jan Devátý, Michal Vrána, Nives Zambon, Lisbeth Lolk Johannsen, Andreas Klik, Peter Strauss, Tomáš Dostál. SfM‐MVS Photogrammetry for Splash Erosion Monitoring under Natural Rainfall. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms. 2021; 46 (5):1067-1082.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Tomáš Laburda; Josef Krása; David Zumr; Jan Devátý; Michal Vrána; Nives Zambon; Lisbeth Lolk Johannsen; Andreas Klik; Peter Strauss; Tomáš Dostál. 2021. "SfM‐MVS Photogrammetry for Splash Erosion Monitoring under Natural Rainfall." Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 46, no. 5: 1067-1082.

Technical note
Published: 26 January 2021 in Vadose Zone Journal
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Aquifers of coarse gravel are an important source for drinking water; however, coarse sediments are also particularly susceptible to the rapid and long‐range transport of pollutants through the vadose zone. Therefore, understanding the flow and solute transport in unsaturated gravel material is of utmost importance for the protection of drinking water resources. Experimental investigations of flow and transport processes are dependent on suitable sensor technology, but it is a considerable challenge to install soil moisture sensors in gravelly material. In this note, we developed a novel method to install soil moisture sensors with minimal disturbance in a large lysimeter with undisturbed gravelly sedimentary material, based on drilling access cavities in frozen material. We investigated whether it is possible to obtain reliable soil moisture measurements and found that the probes measured the flow dynamics pattern well but could not quantify realistic absolute water content values.

ACS Style

Margaret E. Stevenson; Monika Kumpan; Franz Feichtinger; Andreas Scheidl; Alexander Eder; Wolfgang Durner; Alfred Paul Blaschke; Peter Strauss. Innovative method for installing soil moisture probes in a large‐scale undisturbed gravel lysimeter. Vadose Zone Journal 2021, 20, e20106 .

AMA Style

Margaret E. Stevenson, Monika Kumpan, Franz Feichtinger, Andreas Scheidl, Alexander Eder, Wolfgang Durner, Alfred Paul Blaschke, Peter Strauss. Innovative method for installing soil moisture probes in a large‐scale undisturbed gravel lysimeter. Vadose Zone Journal. 2021; 20 (1):e20106.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Margaret E. Stevenson; Monika Kumpan; Franz Feichtinger; Andreas Scheidl; Alexander Eder; Wolfgang Durner; Alfred Paul Blaschke; Peter Strauss. 2021. "Innovative method for installing soil moisture probes in a large‐scale undisturbed gravel lysimeter." Vadose Zone Journal 20, no. 1: e20106.

Preprint content
Published: 25 January 2021
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ACS Style

Maral Khodadadi; Christine Alewell; Mohammad Mirzaei; Ehssan Ehssan-Malahat; Farrokh Asadzadeh; Peter Strauss; Katrin Meusburger. Supplementary material to "Deforestation effects on soil erosion rates and soil physicochemical properties in Iran: a case study of using fallout radionuclides in a Chernobyl contaminated area". 2021, 1 .

AMA Style

Maral Khodadadi, Christine Alewell, Mohammad Mirzaei, Ehssan Ehssan-Malahat, Farrokh Asadzadeh, Peter Strauss, Katrin Meusburger. Supplementary material to "Deforestation effects on soil erosion rates and soil physicochemical properties in Iran: a case study of using fallout radionuclides in a Chernobyl contaminated area". . 2021; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Maral Khodadadi; Christine Alewell; Mohammad Mirzaei; Ehssan Ehssan-Malahat; Farrokh Asadzadeh; Peter Strauss; Katrin Meusburger. 2021. "Supplementary material to "Deforestation effects on soil erosion rates and soil physicochemical properties in Iran: a case study of using fallout radionuclides in a Chernobyl contaminated area"." , no. : 1.

Preprint content
Published: 25 January 2021
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Deforestation for farming and grazing purposes has become a global challenge. To study the impact of deforestation on soil erosion rates and soil physicochemical properties, Zarivar Lake watershed, Kurdestan Province, Iran, was selected. Converting the steep hillslopes naturally under oak forest to rainfed vineyards has been one of the most common land-use changes in the area. We used 137Cs and 210Pbex radionuclides and quantified the Chernobyl-derived 137Cs fallout with 239+240Pu. The soil samples were collected from two adjacent and similar hillslopes, one of which is under natural forest, while the other is under rainfed vineyard. Using 137Cs/239+240Pu rates and a simple unmixing of the 137Cs sources indicated that 50.2 ± 10.0 % of 137Cs was Chernobyl-derived. The mean reference inventory values of 137Cs, 210Pbex, and 239+240Pu were estimated to be at 6152 ± 1266, 6079 ± 1511, and 135 ± 31 Bq m−2, respectively. At the forested hillslope, net soil erosion rates based on 137Cs, and 210Pbex, techniques were estimated to be at 5.0 and 5.9 Mg ha−1 yr−1, respectively, resulting in Sediment Delivery Ratios (SDRs) of 96 and 70 %. However, at the vineyard hillslope, the net soil redistribution rates were at 25.9 and 32.5 Mg ha−1 yr−1 for 137Cs and 210Pbex, respectively, resulting in respective SDRs of around 95 and 92 %. Both 137Cs and 210Pbex indicated that as a result of deforestation, soil erosion has increased by approximately five times. Percolation Stabilities (PS) in forest and vineyard topsoil are about 309 and 160 gr H2O 600 s−1 classified as rapid and moderate PSs, respectively. Rapid PS in forest soil implies high aggregate stability, whereas moderate PS in vineyard soils indicates that they are generally weakly-structured. All in all, the results of the present study revealed that deforestation and converting natural vegetation to cropland prompted soil loss and deteriorated physicochemical properties of the soil.

ACS Style

Maral Khodadadi; Christine Alewell; Mohammad Mirzaei; Ehssan Ehssan-Malahat; Farrokh Asadzadeh; Peter Strauss; Katrin Meusburger. Deforestation effects on soil erosion rates and soil physicochemical properties in Iran: a case study of using fallout radionuclides in a Chernobyl contaminated area. 2021, 2021, 1 -41.

AMA Style

Maral Khodadadi, Christine Alewell, Mohammad Mirzaei, Ehssan Ehssan-Malahat, Farrokh Asadzadeh, Peter Strauss, Katrin Meusburger. Deforestation effects on soil erosion rates and soil physicochemical properties in Iran: a case study of using fallout radionuclides in a Chernobyl contaminated area. . 2021; 2021 ():1-41.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Maral Khodadadi; Christine Alewell; Mohammad Mirzaei; Ehssan Ehssan-Malahat; Farrokh Asadzadeh; Peter Strauss; Katrin Meusburger. 2021. "Deforestation effects on soil erosion rates and soil physicochemical properties in Iran: a case study of using fallout radionuclides in a Chernobyl contaminated area." 2021, no. : 1-41.

Journal article
Published: 03 December 2020 in International Agrophysics
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ACS Style

Thomas Weninger; Edith Kamptner; Tomas Dostal; Adelheid Spiegel; Peter Strauss. Detection of physical hazards in soil profiles using quantitative soil physical quality assessment in the Pannonian basin, Eastern Austria. International Agrophysics 2020, 34, 463 -471.

AMA Style

Thomas Weninger, Edith Kamptner, Tomas Dostal, Adelheid Spiegel, Peter Strauss. Detection of physical hazards in soil profiles using quantitative soil physical quality assessment in the Pannonian basin, Eastern Austria. International Agrophysics. 2020; 34 (4):463-471.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Thomas Weninger; Edith Kamptner; Tomas Dostal; Adelheid Spiegel; Peter Strauss. 2020. "Detection of physical hazards in soil profiles using quantitative soil physical quality assessment in the Pannonian basin, Eastern Austria." International Agrophysics 34, no. 4: 463-471.

Journal article
Published: 30 October 2020 in Water
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Knowledge of the evaporation (E) and transpiration (T) components of evapotranspiration (ET) is important for ecohydrological modeling and agricultural productivity. The stable-isotope method offers the possibility to partition E and T due to the distinct differences in the isotopic signals of the sources. In this study, the concentration and isotopic ratios for oxygen-18 (18O) of water vapor in the ecosystem boundary layer of a growing maize field at the Hydrological Open Air Laboratory (HOAL) catchment in Austria were measured using a high-frequency field-sampling device. In conjunction with isotope samples from the soil and maize plants, these data were used to partition ET using the Keeling plot technique. Eddy covariance and sap flow measurements were used to provide a comparison to test the stable-isotope method. The fraction of transpiration (Ft) calculated with the stable-isotope method showed good agreement with the sap flow method. Overall daily average values of Ft were in a range from 43.0 to 88.5% with T accounting for an average value of 67.5% of the evapotranspiration over the nine days of the experimental period. Following a precipitation event of 9.7 mm, Ft increased from 63.4 to 88.5% over the next four days as the upper layer of the soil dried out while the plants accessed deeper soil water.

ACS Style

Patrick Hogan; Juraj Parajka; Markus Oismüller; Lee Heng; Peter Strauss; Günter Blöschl. High-Frequency Stable-Isotope Measurements of Evapotranspiration Partitioning in a Maize Field. Water 2020, 12, 3048 .

AMA Style

Patrick Hogan, Juraj Parajka, Markus Oismüller, Lee Heng, Peter Strauss, Günter Blöschl. High-Frequency Stable-Isotope Measurements of Evapotranspiration Partitioning in a Maize Field. Water. 2020; 12 (11):3048.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Patrick Hogan; Juraj Parajka; Markus Oismüller; Lee Heng; Peter Strauss; Günter Blöschl. 2020. "High-Frequency Stable-Isotope Measurements of Evapotranspiration Partitioning in a Maize Field." Water 12, no. 11: 3048.

Journal article
Published: 08 October 2020 in Water Resources Research
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This study investigated the added value of different data for calibrating a runoff model for small basins. The analysis was performed in the 66 ha Hydrological Open Air Laboratory, in Austria. An HBV type, spatially lumped hydrologic model was parameterized following two approaches. First, the model was calibrated using only runoff data. Second, a step‐by‐step approach was followed, where the modules of the model (snow, soil moisture and runoff generation) were calibrated using measurements of runoff and model state variables and output fluxes. These measurements comprised laser‐based measurements of precipitation, satellite and camera observations of snow, ultrasonic measurements of snow depth, eddy covariance measurements of evapotranspiration, time domain transmissometry based soil moisture measurements, time lapse photography of overland flow and groundwater level measurements by piezometers. The two model parameterizations were evaluated on annual, seasonal and daily time scales, in terms of how well they simulated snow, soil moisture, evapotranspiration, overland flow, storage change in the saturated zone and runoff. Using the proposed step‐by‐step approach, the relative runoff volume errors in the calibration and validation periods were 0.00 and ‐0.01, the monthly Pearson correlation coefficients were 0.92 and 0.82, and the daily logarithmic Nash Sutcliffe efficiencies were 0.59 and 0.18, respectively. By using different sources of data besides runoff, the overall process consistency improved, compared to the case when only runoff was used for calibration. Soil moisture and evapotranspiration observations had the largest influence on simulated runoff, while the parameterization of the snow and runoff generation modules had a smaller influence.

ACS Style

Borbala Szeles; J. Parajka; P. Hogan; R. Silasari; L. Pavlin; P. Strauss; G. Blöschl. The Added Value of Different Data Types for Calibrating and Testing a Hydrologic Model in a Small Catchment. Water Resources Research 2020, 56, 1 .

AMA Style

Borbala Szeles, J. Parajka, P. Hogan, R. Silasari, L. Pavlin, P. Strauss, G. Blöschl. The Added Value of Different Data Types for Calibrating and Testing a Hydrologic Model in a Small Catchment. Water Resources Research. 2020; 56 (10):1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Borbala Szeles; J. Parajka; P. Hogan; R. Silasari; L. Pavlin; P. Strauss; G. Blöschl. 2020. "The Added Value of Different Data Types for Calibrating and Testing a Hydrologic Model in a Small Catchment." Water Resources Research 56, no. 10: 1.

Preprint content
Published: 30 July 2020
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Connectivity of the hillslope and the stream is a non stationary and non linear phenomenon dependent on many controls. The objective of this study is to identify these controls by examining the spatial and temporal patterns of the similarity between shallow groundwater and soil moisture dynamics and streamflow dynamics in the Hydrological Open Air Laboratory (HOAL), a small (66 ha) agricultural headwater catchment in Lower Austria. We investigate the responses to 53 precipitation events and the seasonal dynamics of streamflow, groundwater and soil moisture over two years. The similarity, in terms of Spearman correlation coefficient, hysteresis index and peak-to-peak time, of groundwater to streamflow shows a clear spatial organisation, which is best correlated to topographic position index, topographic wetness index and depth to the groundwater table. The similarity is greatest in the riparian zone and diminishes further away from the stream where the groundwater table is deeper. Soil moisture dynamics show high similarity to streamflow but no clear spatial pattern. This is reflected in a low correlation of the similarity to site-characteristics, however, the similarity increases with increasing catchment wetness and rainfall duration. Groundwater connectivity to the stream on the seasonal scale is higher than that on the event scale indicating that groundwater contributes more to the baseflow than to event runoff.

ACS Style

Lovrenc Pavlin; Borbála Széles; Peter Strauss; Alfred Paul Blaschke; Günter Blöschl. Event and seasonal hydrologic connectivity patterns in an agricultural headwater catchment. 2020, 2020, 1 -34.

AMA Style

Lovrenc Pavlin, Borbála Széles, Peter Strauss, Alfred Paul Blaschke, Günter Blöschl. Event and seasonal hydrologic connectivity patterns in an agricultural headwater catchment. . 2020; 2020 ():1-34.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Lovrenc Pavlin; Borbála Széles; Peter Strauss; Alfred Paul Blaschke; Günter Blöschl. 2020. "Event and seasonal hydrologic connectivity patterns in an agricultural headwater catchment." 2020, no. : 1-34.

Journal article
Published: 15 June 2020 in Applied Sciences
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The interaction between rainfall erosivity parameters and splash erosion is crucial for describing the soil erosion process; however, it is rarely investigated under natural rainfall conditions. In this study, we conducted splash erosion experiments under natural rainfall on three sites in Central Europe. The main goal was to obtain the relationship between splash erosion of the bare soil in seedbed condition and commonly used rainfall erosivity parameters (kinetic energy, intensity, and rainfall erosivity (EI30)). All sites were equipped with a rain gauge and an optical laser disdrometer where the splash erosion was measured, with modified Morgan splash cups. In order to investigate which parameter best describes the splash erosion process for all sites, a regression analysis was performed. In total, 80 splash erosion events were evaluated. Splash erosion can be described as a linear function of total kinetic energy and a non-linear function of EI30. However, the use of the total kinetic energy led to underestimation of the splash erosion rates for highly intensive rainfalls. Therefore, better results were obtained when using average rainfall intensity as the splash erosion predictor or the kinetic energy divided by the rainfall duration. Minor differences between the replicates during splash erosion measurements indicate that the modified Morgan splash cup provides a good tool for soil erosion assessment.

ACS Style

Nives Zambon; Lisbeth Lolk Johannsen; Peter Strauss; Tomas Dostal; David Zumr; Martin Neumann; Thomas A. Cochrane; Andreas Klik. Rainfall Parameters Affecting Splash Erosion under Natural Conditions. Applied Sciences 2020, 10, 4103 .

AMA Style

Nives Zambon, Lisbeth Lolk Johannsen, Peter Strauss, Tomas Dostal, David Zumr, Martin Neumann, Thomas A. Cochrane, Andreas Klik. Rainfall Parameters Affecting Splash Erosion under Natural Conditions. Applied Sciences. 2020; 10 (12):4103.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Nives Zambon; Lisbeth Lolk Johannsen; Peter Strauss; Tomas Dostal; David Zumr; Martin Neumann; Thomas A. Cochrane; Andreas Klik. 2020. "Rainfall Parameters Affecting Splash Erosion under Natural Conditions." Applied Sciences 10, no. 12: 4103.

Journal article
Published: 05 June 2020 in Water
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Besides the importance of dissolved organic matter (DOM) in soil biogeochemical processes, there is still a debate on how agricultural intensification affects the leaching of terrestrial DOM into adjacent aquatic ecosystems. In order to close this linkage, we conducted a short-term (45 day) lysimeter experiment with silt loam and sandy loam undisturbed/intact soil cores. Mineral (calcium ammonium nitrate) or organic (pig slurry) fertilizer was applied on the soil surface with a concentration equivalent to 130 kg N ha−1. On average, amounts of leached DOC over 45 days ranged between 20.4 mg (silt loam, mineral fertilizer) and 34.4 mg (sandy loam, organic fertilizer). Both, mineral and organic fertilization of a silt loam reduced concentration of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in the leachate and shifted its composition towards a microbial-like signature (BIX) with a higher aromaticity (Fi) and a lower molecular size (E2:E3). However, in sandy loam only mineral fertilization affected organic matter leaching. There, lowered DOC concentrations with a smaller molecular size (E2:E3) could be detected. The overall effect of fertilization on DOC leaching and DOM composition was interrelated with soil texture and limited to first 12 days. Our results highlight the need for management measures, which prevent or reduce fast flow paths leading soil water directly into aquatic systems, such as surface flow, fast subsurface flow, or drainage water.

ACS Style

Alexandra Tiefenbacher; Gabriele Weigelhofer; Andreas Klik; Matthias Pucher; Jakob Santner; Walter Wenzel; Alexander Eder; Peter Strauss. Short-Term Effects of Fertilization on Dissolved Organic Matter in Soil Leachate. Water 2020, 12, 1617 .

AMA Style

Alexandra Tiefenbacher, Gabriele Weigelhofer, Andreas Klik, Matthias Pucher, Jakob Santner, Walter Wenzel, Alexander Eder, Peter Strauss. Short-Term Effects of Fertilization on Dissolved Organic Matter in Soil Leachate. Water. 2020; 12 (6):1617.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Alexandra Tiefenbacher; Gabriele Weigelhofer; Andreas Klik; Matthias Pucher; Jakob Santner; Walter Wenzel; Alexander Eder; Peter Strauss. 2020. "Short-Term Effects of Fertilization on Dissolved Organic Matter in Soil Leachate." Water 12, no. 6: 1617.

Journal article
Published: 25 May 2020 in Applied Sciences
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In the European Union, soil erosion is identified as one of the main environmental threats, addressed with a variety of rules and regulations for soil and water conservation. The by far most often officially used tool to determine soil erosion is the Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) and its regional adaptions. The aim of this study is to use three different regional USLE-based approaches in three different test catchments in the Czech Republic, Germany, and Austria to determine differences in model results and compare these with the revised USLE-base European soil erosion map. The different regional model adaptations and implementation techniques result in substantial differences in test catchment specific mean erosion (up to 75% difference). Much more pronounced differences were modelled for individual fields. The comparison of the region-specific USLE approaches with the revised USLE-base European erosion map underlines the problems and limitations of harmonization procedures. The EU map limits the range of modelled erosion and overall shows a substantially lower mean erosion compared to all region-specific approaches. In general, the results indicate that even if many EU countries use USLE technology as basis for soil conservation planning, a truly consistent method does not exist, and more efforts are needed to homogenize the different methods without losing the USLE-specific knowledge developed in the different regions over the last decades.

ACS Style

Peter Fiener; Tomáš Dostál; Josef Krása; Elmar Schmaltz; Peter Strauss; Florian Wilken. Operational USLE-Based Modelling of Soil Erosion in Czech Republic, Austria, and Bavaria—Differences in Model Adaptation, Parametrization, and Data Availability. Applied Sciences 2020, 10, 3647 .

AMA Style

Peter Fiener, Tomáš Dostál, Josef Krása, Elmar Schmaltz, Peter Strauss, Florian Wilken. Operational USLE-Based Modelling of Soil Erosion in Czech Republic, Austria, and Bavaria—Differences in Model Adaptation, Parametrization, and Data Availability. Applied Sciences. 2020; 10 (10):3647.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Peter Fiener; Tomáš Dostál; Josef Krása; Elmar Schmaltz; Peter Strauss; Florian Wilken. 2020. "Operational USLE-Based Modelling of Soil Erosion in Czech Republic, Austria, and Bavaria—Differences in Model Adaptation, Parametrization, and Data Availability." Applied Sciences 10, no. 10: 3647.