Purpose: This systematic review is a 5-year update of a previously conducted review on the longitudinal predictors of domestic violence perpetration and victimization. This review adopted the term ‘Intimate Partner Violence (IPV)’ to align with current literature and addressed two aims: to identify any novel longitudinal risk factors since the previous review, and to determine if a distinction could be drawn between risk factors for perpetration and victimization (a limitation identified by the previous review). Methods: Twelve studies met the inclusion criteria of prospectively investigating childhood/adolescent predictors (prior to age 18) for adulthood IPV perpetration and victimization. Peer-reviewed papers were identified via the following databases in November 2020: MEDLINE, APA PsycINFO, SocINDEX, EMBASE, and Scopus. Study quality was assessed using the Cambridge Quality Checklists. Results: Consistent with the previous review, child and adolescent abuse, family of origin risks, child and adolescent behavioral problems, and adolescent peer risks were identified as significant predictors of IPV perpetration and victimization. The current review, however, adds nuance to these findings, identifying potential moderating and/or mediating factors and additional risk factors, including mental health and cultural and attitudinal risks. Conclusion: This review re-emphasizes the importance of developmental risk factors for adulthood IPV perpetration and victimization, and their role in prevention and intervention efforts.

Objective: To explore a typology of dyads experiencing child‐to‐parent violence (CPV) using the function of CPV (i.e., its motivation).Background: CPV may be motivated by reactive (i.e., retaliatory), proactive (i.e., instrumental), or affective (i.e., primarily emotional) functions, which may co‐occur intraindividually; however, their co‐occurrence pattern is not fully understood.Method: This study included 252 participants aged 27 to 78 years (M = 45.92, SD = 8.33; 96% female) who were caregivers of a young person aged 5 to 24 years (M = 13.18, SD = 4.86) and completed an online survey measuring the form and function of CPV and a range of child, parent, and dyadic factors. The majority of dyads were mother–child.Results: Latent profile analysis revealed two distinct types of dyads: High‐proactive dyads reported severe, highly reactive and proactive CPV compared with low‐proactive dyads in which proactive CPV was rare and reactive CPV was uncommon. Rates of affective CPV were similar across types. Analysis of variance demonstrated that high‐ and low‐proactive dyads significantly differed across intervention‐relevant parent, child, and dyadic factors.Conclusion: High‐proactive dyads exhibited role reversal and spousification (i.e., parental conflict spill‐over) in which caregivers were helpless, frightened, and frightening, and the young person possessed domineering traits. Low‐proactive dyads were characterized by a comparatively in‐control caregiver who exhibited intrusiveness and higher supervision and a young person who was comparatively less domineering.Implications: Different types of dyads experiencing CPV may have unique intervention needs.

Purpose: Corporal punishment (CP) and physical abuse (PA) in childhood are associated with increased risk of child-to-parent violence (CPV). Without context of discipline (i.e., the intention of behavior change, and use of reasonable force), both CP and PA represent the use of physical force against a child. It is still unclear if their associations with CPV are similar when they co-occur, or when they occur in isolation. The current study examined the differential and cumulative association of different types of physical force in childhood with rates of CPV. Method: The sample consisted of 1,132 participants, between 18 to 87-years-old (M = 50.95, SD = 14.24) and included 59.5% female and 39.2% male participants who completed an online survey measuring CP, PA and CPV. Participants formed three groups: low CP or PA (group low), high CP only (group HCP), or high PA and CP (group PA + CP). Results: Two one-way ANOVAs with planned contrasts were conducted separately for CPV against mothers and fathers. The group HCP reported significantly higher CPV against both the mother and the father than group low and there was no significant difference between group HCP and group PA + CP. Conclusions: Higher rates of CP are associated with higher rates of CPV; however, this rate does not increase further when there is concurrent PA. This suggests that there may be a low sensitivity for retaliation from a young person, or coercive training (through high parent–child conflict), in environments where there is physical force from a parent.

Purpose: The function (i.e., the motivation) of child-to-parent violence (CPV) is an important consideration for intervention but under researched, primarily due to a lack of appropriate measurement tools. The current study aimed to develop and validate a caregiver-report measure of the function of CPV (the Child-to-Parent Violence Functions Scale [CPV-F]). Methods: One-hundred-and-twenty-one caregivers (94% female) ranging from 27 to 68 years of age (M = 45.36, SD = 8.35) completed an online survey reporting on experiences of CPV from a young person, who were mostly male (63%) and aged between 5 and 24 years (M = 12.71, SD = 4.77). Results: The current study shows that the motivation for CPV varies across three related but distinct functions: Reactive (i.e., in response to perceived or actual threat, transgression, or intrusion), Affective (i.e., driven by internal frustration, fear, or emotional conflict), and Proactive (i.e., instrumental, callous, and planned). The CPV-F demonstrated predictive and concurrent validity, as well as adequate reliability across subscales. Conclusions: Future research should consider the function of CPV, as it may impact the relevance of risk factors. Moving forward, the CPV-F could be used for comprehensive investigative profiling, with a focus on parent and dyadic factors, to resolve heterogeneity in the field. Such factors are crucial to intervention yet under explored. As a caregiver-report measure, the CPV-F is well-positioned to aid in these investigations.

Police-imposed patron bans seek to reduce alcohol-related harm in and around licensed premises. This study examined the offending records of people who received bans and explored whether anti-social offences reduced after the imposition of a police-imposed ban. A de-identified dataset was obtained from Victoria Police, comprising persons who received police-imposed bans in one Australian city between 2010 and 2017. Analyses were conducted to examine charging histories and offence types before and after receipt of the ban. Of those who received bans, 70.7% had recorded offences before the ban. The median number of charges before and after receiving a ban were not significantly different with respect to both anti-social behaviours and other behaviours. However, when examining short term effects (two years prior and post receiving a ban), there was a significant increase in anti-social offending, specifically public order offences (d = 0.67), after receiving a ban compared to before. Most of the ban recipients had an established record of anti-social behaviours. As a short-term sanction which limits access to specific locations, Victoria’s police-imposed bans do not appear to deter recipients from repeat offending or change already established patterns of anti-social behaviours. Consideration should be given to extending the permissible length of bans and to ensuring more effective enforcement. In addition, alternative interventions or diversions for those with a record of anti-social offending, which could be initiated on-the-spot, may be more effective in reducing undesirable behaviours in and around licensed premises.