This paper presents a comparative evaluation of a wave union (WU) time-to-digital converter (TDC) implemented on two Microchip flash-based field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs): the radiation-tolerant RTG4 (RT4G150-1CG) and the low-power SmartFusion2 (M2S150TS-1FCG1152). Both implementations use an identical VHDL architecture consisting of parallel tapped delay lines (TDLs) each with a WU pattern generator, edge-coded logic encoding, and real-time statistical bin width calibration. Single-shot precision (SSP), defined as the standard deviation of consecutive period measurements derived from calibrated timestamps, is evaluated across four independent input channels. Measurements are performed at five input frequencies (1, 2, 10, 20, and 40 MHz) and six ambient temperatures ranging from 20 °C to 60 °C. At a low input frequency, the RTG4 implementation achieves a mean SSP of 6.97 ps, while IGLOO2 yields 10.12 ps under identical conditions. As the input frequency increases, the SSP of both platforms decreases and converges to approximately 4.5 ps. However, at elevated temperatures, both devices experience observable degradation in SSP. To quantify thermal robustness, a thermal sensitivity coefficient (TSC) is introduced, defined as the rate of SSP variation with temperature. The results show that the same WU TDC core implemented on a space-graded FPGA exhibits improved thermal stability and reduced channel-to-channel variance compared to its equivalent on a commercial platform.

This work presents an experimental evaluation of a high-speed analog-to-digital conversion method based on passive reference waveform crossings combined with time-to-digital converter (TDC) time-tagging. Unlike conventional level-crossing event-driven analog-to-digital converters (ADCs) that require dynamically updated digital-to-analog converters (DACs), the proposed architecture compares the input waveform against a broadband periodic sampling function without active threshold control. Crossing instants are detected by a high-speed comparator and converted into rising and falling edge timestamps using a multi-channel TDC. A commercial ScioSense GPX2-based time-tagger with 30 ps single-shot precision was used for validation. A range of test signals—including 5 MHz sine, sawtooth, damped sine, and frequency-modulated chirp waveforms—were acquired using triangular, sinusoidal, and sawtooth sampling functions. Stroboscopic sampling was demonstrated using reference frequencies lower than the signal of interest, enabling effective undersampling of periodic radio frequency (RF) waveforms. The method achieved effective bandwidths approaching 100 MHz, with amplitude reconstruction errors of 0.05–0.30 RMS for sinusoidal signals and 0.15–0.40 RMS for sawtooth signals. Timing jitter showed strong dependence on the relative slope between the acquired waveform and sampling function: steep regions produced jitter near 5 ns, while shallow regions exhibited jitter up to 20 ns. The study has several limitations, including the bandwidth and dead-time constraints of the commercial TDC, the finite slew rate and noise of the comparator front-end, and the limited frequency range of the generated sampling functions. These factors influence the achievable timing precision and reconstruction accuracy, especially in low-gradient signal regions. Overall, the passive waveform-crossing method demonstrates strong potential for wideband, sparse, and rapidly varying signals, with natural scalability to multi-channel systems. Potential application domains include RF acquisition, ultra-wideband (UWB) radar, integrated sensing and communication (ISAC) systems, high-speed instrumentation, and wideband timed antenna arrays.