The purpose of this work lies in the design and implementation of a closed-circuit temperature control system (SCTLC), to control the temperature transfer in the mold of the thermoprepared system, where the blocks are manufactured from multilayer containers. post-consumer. The plant (electrical resistance) was characterized, with the AC voltage levels (30V, 60V, 90V and 120V) in a time of 60 min each of the voltage levels, considering the initial temperature (ambient temperature), in function of the step signal, then, the plant model was determined using Matlab software and the analytical method with the data of the plant characteristic curve at a voltage of 120Vac, obtaining the first-order transfer function, then The PID controller implemented the Ziegler & Nichols method and the Matlab software were tuned and finally the reference input, the control, the power stage, the plant and the feedback were coupled. This project contributes to control and stabilize the resistance temperature, implemented in the thermoforming process, for the production of blocks using multilayer containers.

Electrical discharges in N2-GaAs systems exhibit complex nonlinear dynamics with key implications for the design of optoelectronic devices, particularly in contexts where avalanche and chaos affect performance. This work numerically explores a system of differential equations, derived from the continuity equation and Poisson’s equation, describing the time evolution of voltage and current density in an N2-GaAs system, considering simplifications such as spatial uniformity and varying carrier generation rates (α). Through numerical integration and the calculation of the highest Lyapunov exponent, we examine how the system transitions from stable states to chaotic behavior. The results show that low values of α, such as 0.5 s−1, produce damped oscillations, while increases up to 2.0 s−1 trigger chaotic dynamics, characterized by positive Lyapunov exponents and intricate trajectories in phase portraits and Poincaré maps. In addition, bifurcation diagrams of the system corroborate this transition to chaos. This transition depends on a critical threshold related to the nonlinear amplification and saturation effects present in the model. The findings deepen the understanding of discharges in N2-GaAs and highlight their relevance for optoelectronic applications, such as avalanche photodetectors and nonlinear oscillators, where mastering chaotic dynamics is essential. This analysis establishes a solid framework for future research, opening paths toward experimental studies and theoretical developments in semiconductor systems with similar properties.

Energy production is an important factor for the development of productive activities, transformation and services in the country, whose generation and consumption increases year by year, which leads to the use of clean energy more and more. Hydropower as a portable application option contributes little to energy production in industries or homes, so this situation presents an opportunity for the development of adaptive power generation systems that take advantage of the movement of water. In the present work, a test bench based on an energy recovery system was developed, which consists of simulating the flow of water that exists in the pipes in order to generate electrical energy through mechanical movement by coupling a permanent magnet generator, where the behavior of a turbine interconnected to a pipeline was emulated, through a DC motor whose speed is controlled through a power chopper. A storage and power conversion was developed, integrating a rectifier module with filter which converted the signal from alternating to direct, which would later be the input of a Buck reducing CD-CD converter, which has high efficiency and allows to reduce the voltage stabilized at 5V. To complete the storage system at different loads, a Boost power converter module was used which raises and converts the signal from CD to CD, obtaining a voltage output greater than its input, this energy can be stored in batteries and in the same way be used to power any CD device, thus allowing us to save a part of the energy that is consumed when transporting water in a pipe.

This study introduces a hybrid computational framework combining Monte Carlo simulations with partial differential equations (PDEs) to model gallium nitride (GaN) quantum dot (QD) formation during plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD). The Monte Carlo approach captures stochastic particle deposition and nucleation on a 100 × 100 nm ² grid, incorporating energy-dependent sticking probabilities, electrostatic repulsion, and a log-normal QD size distribution (mean 4 nm, σ = 0.2). The PDE model describes surface diffusion and nucleation dynamics, linking stochastic outcomes to deterministic physical mechanisms. Experimental parameters include a deposition rate of 0.05 particles/(s·nm ² ), substrate temperature of 700 K, plasma pressure of 0.2–1.0 Torr, particle energy of 30 eV, and plasma temperature of 30,000 K. The simulations generate spatial distribution maps and size histograms, achieving QD densities of 3.0 × 10 ¹⁰ to 1.2 × 10 ¹¹ cm ⁻² , validated against experimental data for LED applications. Results show that increasing plasma pressure enhances QD density but reduces spatial uniformity due to faster nucleation outpacing diffusion, with implications for optimizing optoelectronic device performance. This framework provides a robust tool for tailoring deposition conditions to achieve high-density, uniform GaN QD arrays for advanced optoelectronic applications.

In this work, a temperature control system (SCT) was designed and implemented in the thermoforming process for the manufacture of blocks for wall construction (BCM). The control process in the SCT consists in establishing the reference temperature for the thermoforming and send it to the Mega 2560 microcontroller. This component processes the input signal, obtaining six digital signals that control the surface temperature of each of the external faces of the BCM mold that has a rectangular prism geometry. These signals are sent to the electrical isolation stage where the actuators enable six electrical resistances (200 Watts to 120 Volts). The feedback of the temperature in the control system was made through type-k thermocouples, whose analog signals are compared with the reference signal to regulate the temperature. This project contributes to establish and control the temperature of the resistances, implemented for the thermoforming process, for the elaboration of blocks using multilayer containers.

In this work, the study of the structural characterization of copper oxide by the X-ray diffraction technique is presented. To obtain layers of copper oxide, sputtering and thermal oxidation techniques were combined. The average crystal size was calculated for the sputtered copper samples. For the copper oxide films obtained by thermal oxidation, both the crystal size and the texture coefficient were calculated. The crystalline quality was poor for layers obtained by sputtering. Thermal oxidation carried out on these films transformed its structure to the copper oxide phase known as cupric oxide.