Link for citation: Oitseva T.A., Dyachkov B.A., Bissatova A.Ye., Orazbekova G.B., Zinyakin S.S. Features of formation, material composition and geological structure of rare metal and pegmatite deposits of the Kalba region on the example of the Yubileinoe deposit. Bulletin of the Tomsk Polytechnic University. Geo Аssets Engineering, 2023, vol. 334, no. 7, рр. 164-176. In Rus. The relevance of the research is caused by the lack of knowledge on the behavior of rare metal in pegmatite ore formation in the Kalba region and the need to expand the rare-metal mineral resource base of the region and to establish geological and mineragenic mapping. The main aims of the research are identification of features of geotectonic development, geological structure and material composition of the rare-metal deposit Yubileynoe (Kalba region). Study area: large industrial rare metal deposit Yubileynoe and its mineral complexes. Methods: detailed geological-geochemical and mineralogical study of the region of work, use of materials from works of previous years, stock literature, as well as laboratory studies (mass spectrometric, microprobe, geochronological and other studies). The structural relationships of minerals with each other, as well as the geochemical interpretation of the results of laboratory studies, were taken into account during diagnosing mineral complexes. Results. Spatial and genetic relationship of rare-metal pegmatite deposit (Nb, Ta, Be, Cs, Li, Sn) with granites of the I phase of the Kalba complex P1 (285 Ma), is distinguished. In the location of the Yubileinoe deposit, the leading ore-controlling role is given to the system of deep latitudinal faults of ancient origin, renewed in the Hercynian cycle. A geological and genetic model of rhythmically pulsating rare-metal pegmatite formation of the Yubileinoe deposit is presented, which reflects the zonal development of mineral complexes from oligoclase-microcline (barren) to albite, greisen, spodumene-containing and pollucite-bearing (ore) with an increasing concentration of mineralization. Information was obtained on the composition of pegmatite ores with the release of typomorphic minerals (clevelandite, lepidolite, colored tourmalines, spodumene, pollucite, ixiolite, etc.) and the main geochemical elements of rare metal ore formation (Nb, Ta, Be, Cs, Li, F, P, etc.).

Distributed fiber-optic sensing (DFOS) with intentionally spaced mechanical fixity points was experimentally evaluated for the structural health monitoring (SHM) of reinforced concrete (RC) members. A full-scale four-point bending test was conducted on a 12 m RC beam (400 × 400 mm) instrumented with a single-mode DFOS cable incorporating internal anchors at 2 m intervals and bonded externally with structural epoxy. Brillouin time-domain analysis (BOTDA) provided distributed strain measurements at approximately 0.5 m spatial resolution, with all cables calibrated to ±15,000 µε. Under stepwise monotonic loading, the system captured smooth, repeatable strain baselines and clearly resolved localized tensile peaks associated with crack initiation and propagation. Long-gauge averages exhibited a near-linear load–strain response (R² ≈ 0.99) consistent with discrete foil and vibrating-wire strain gauges. Even after cracking, the DFOS signal remained continuous, while some discrete sensors showed saturation or scatter. Temperature compensation via a parallel fiber ensured thermally stable interpretation during load holds. The fixed-point configuration mitigated local debonding effects and yielded unbiased long-gauge strain data suitable for assessing serviceability and differential settlement. Overall, the results confirm the suitability of fixed-point DFOS as a durable, SHM-ready sensing approach for RC foundation elements and as a dense data source for emerging digital-twin frameworks.

Analysis of a digital terrain model for solving geological problems by the example of Aktogai ore field

This study investigates the geological, mineralogical, and geochemical features of the Alday ore occurrence (Central Kalba, East Kazakhstan) and aims to identify indicators of rare-metal mineralization, with lithium considered to be one of its principal components. In this study, the structural–stratigraphic position of the occurrence is refined; three series of albite–spodumene pegmatites are identified; the compositions of the ore-bearing schists and the granitoids of the Kunush and Kalba complexes are compared; and the role of metasomatic alteration in the concentration of Li, Ta, Nb, Be, and Sn is established. The plagiogranites and dikes of the Kunush complex are characterized by Li anomalies (up to 306 g/t), Ta (up to 64 g/t), and a fractionated REE spectrum (La/Yb up to 108). In addition, the following predictive criteria are formulated: the presence of tectonically disrupted dikes in the Kunush complex with Na₂O/K₂O > 4, the presence of albite and muscovite alteration zones, and the presence of ladder-type spodumene-bearing pegmatites controlled by northwest-trending faults. The ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar muscovite age of the Alday pegmatites (~292 Ma) aligns with the age range of the Kalba granite complex. Based on the main principles of rare-metal pegmatite generation, it is determined that the Tochka pegmatites were formed during the fluid–magmatic fractionation of magma in large granitic reservoirs of the Kalba complex. The Karagoin–Saryozek zone—located between several large granite massifs of the Kalba complex, where host rocks function as a roof—may be promising for investigating rare-metal pegmatite mineralization.

Frost heave in cold-region pavements is governed by coupled heat and moisture migration, but the specific contribution of vapour transport in multilayer subgrades remains poorly constrained. This study combines field temperature monitoring with analytical modelling to estimate effective thermal conductivities of pavement structural layers and to evaluate vapour-driven moisture fluxes during seasonal freezing. A vertical thermistor array beneath a two-lane highway near Astana (Kazakhstan) and in the adjacent snow-covered ground is used to back-calculate layer-specific conductivities from midwinter temperature gradients by applying Fourier’s law under quasi-steady conditions. Vapour migration is then assessed by two complementary approaches. A diffusion-based formulation, which couples measured vapour-density gradients with air-filled porosity, provides a conservative lower bound and yields very small fluxes, with maximum daily ice deposition of 8.17 × 10⁻⁵ kg·m⁻²·day⁻¹ beneath the pavement and cumulative seasonal masses of order 10⁻² kg·m⁻² (10⁻³ kg·m⁻² under snow). An energy-balance approach, which relates conductive heat flux to latent heat of vapour–ice phase change and introduces an efficiency parameter α, supplies a physically constrained upper envelope. For a central scenario with α = 0.6, daily deposition in the 0.60–1.00 m layer reaches 0.0961 and 0.0330 kg·m⁻²·day⁻¹ beneath pavement and snow, respectively, yielding seasonal totals of 12.1 and 4.1 kg·m⁻². Together, these bounds indicate that vapour migration beneath pavements, although unlikely to be the dominant driver of frost heave, can be substantially more intense than under adjacent snow-covered ground due to steeper temperature gradients in the upper subgrade.

В статье рассмотрены геолого-структурные особенности и перспективы выявления медно-молибденового оруденения на Юго-Восточном участке Каргоба (Абайская область, Казахстан). Представлены результаты аэромагнитной съемки и электроразведки методом вызванной поляризации («диполь-диполь»), обработанных с использованием Octopus Pro, ZONDRES2D, Surfer и Voxler. По данным аномалий магнитного поля, сопротивления и поляризуемости выделены локальные рудоносные зоны, связанные с гранодиоритовыми интрузиями и зонами гидротермальных изменений. Установлена зональность оруденения и перспективные участки для бурения. Полученные результаты позволяют уточнить структуру рудной системы и обосновать рекомендации для дальнейших поисково-оценочных и разведочных работ Мақалада Қазақстанның Абай облысындағы Каргоба учаскесінің Оңтүстік-Шығыс бөлігіндегі мыс-молибден кен орындарын анықтаудың геоло- гиялық-құрылымдық ерекшеліктері мен келешегі қарастырылады. Аэромагниттік түсіру және «диполь-диполь» нұсқасындағы индукцияланған поляризация әдісімен жүргізілген электрбарлау нәтижелері ұсынылған. Octopus Pro, ZONDRES2D, Surfer және Voxler бағдарламалық кешендері арқылы деректер өңделіп, магнит өрісі, электрлік кедергі және поляризуемдік аномалиялары бойынша гранодиорит интрузияларымен және гидротермальды өзгерістер аймақтарымен байланысты кенді аймақтар анықталды. Кенденудің аумақтық таралу заңдылықтары айқындалды және бұрғылауға қолайлы перспективалы учаскелер ұсынылды. Алынған нәтижелер кен жүйесінің құрылымын нақтылауға және одан әрі іздеубағалау және барлау жұмыстарына арналған ұсыныстарды негіздеуге мүмкіндік береді The article examines the geological and structural features and the prospects for identifying copper-molybdenum mineralization in the Southeastern part of the Kargoba area (Abai Region, Kazakhstan). It presents the results of aeromagnetic surveying and electrical prospecting using the induced polarization method in the «dipole-dipole» configuration. The data were processed using Octopus Pro, ZONDRES2D, Surfer, and Voxler software. Based on anomalies in the magnetic field, resistivity, and chargeability, ore-bearing zones associated with granodiorite intrusions and hydrothermal alteration zones were identified. The spatial distribution patterns of mineralization were determined, and prospective sites for drilling were proposed. The results obtained make it possible to clarify the structure of the ore system and justify recommendations for further exploration and evaluation work