The objective of this study is to investigate the friction performance between tire rubber and rubberized asphalt mortar. The friction force and dynamic friction coefficient (DFC) were selected as the characterization indexes for the friction performance between the tire and the rubberized asphalt mortar, and the tests were carried out using a friction coefficient tester. The variations in material parameters, namely crumb rubber content (CRC), filler-to-binder ratio (F/B), filler particle sizes and aging conditions of rubberized asphalt mortar on friction properties were analyzed, for which significance analysis was carried out. Results show that rubberized asphalt mortar composed of different material parameters exhibit different friction properties. Filler-to-binder ratio and crumb rubber content were identified as significant predictors of the friction properties in rubberized asphalt mortar, and as these factors increase, the friction coefficient between rubber asphalt mortar and tire rubber is increased. Higher crumb rubber content (30%) reduces the temperature sensitivity of friction. In contrast, an increase in F/B exacerbates the temperature-induced variation in DFC, with F/B = 1.2 showing 2.1% DFC increase from −20 °C to −10 °C versus 0.6% for F/B = 0.6. Filler particle sizes, aging degree, and temperature showed no statistically significant effects on DFC (p > 0.1).