Accurate wind power forecasting is crucial for modern power systems, yet most deep learning models neglect spatial relationships between turbines. We propose GSTAformer, a graph-guided spatio-temporal model capturing both spatial and temporal dependencies through MIC- and PCC-built graphs; GraphSAGE for spatial feature extraction; multi-scale convolution for trend detection; and an improved Autoformer for temporal modeling. Experiments on SDWPF and GEFCom2012 datasets demonstrate GSTAformer’s superior performance, achieving a 24 h mean squared error (MSE) of 0.7480 and mean absolute error (MAE) of 0.6362 on SDWPF. This work integrates graph-based spatial modeling with enhanced temporal forecasting for medium-term wind power prediction, providing a coherent framework suited to complex wind energy scenarios.

The accuracy of short-term wind power forecasting (STWPF) is crucial for the stable operation of power systems. To address the issue of insufficient capture of spatio-temporal dependencies in existing models, which leads to low prediction accuracy, this paper proposes a novel Transformer-based spatio-temporal graph convolutional (STGCformer) model. The time series decomposition module (TSDM) captures periodic fluctuations and long-term variations within the data by performing seasonal trend decomposition. The spatio-temporal graph convolutional (STGC) architecture combines a Graph Attention Network (GAT) with convolutional layers (Convs) to capture both spatial and temporal dependencies, jointly processing the spatio-temporal characteristics inherent in wind power data. The Transformer’s attention mechanism simultaneously handles both short-term and long-term fluctuations. Extensive experimental results show that STGCformer achieves the best prediction accuracy across multiple time steps (24, 48, 72, 96 h), with the average absolute error (MAE) and mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) at 48 h being 41.383 and 3.862, respectively. This model provides a new methodological framework for STWPF.

High-precision wind power prediction improves grid stability and reduces curtailment losses. Existing methods face three limitations: static graphs cannot capture dynamic spatial correlations under weather changes, time series models miss multi-scale temporal features, and frequency-domain analyses lack physical constraints. We propose: (1) a dynamic distance correlation weighted graph that adaptively combines geographic and power correlations for weather–terrain coupling; (2) a spatio-temporal-frequency fusion framework integrating graph networks, bidirectional GRUs, and a patchwise sparse time–frequency module; (3) a turbine power curve-constrained frequency mixer for physical consistency. On the SDWPF dataset, our model achieves MAE reductions of 37.47–43.32% and RMSE reductions of 37.93–42.70% versus baselines, outperforming state-of-the-art methods. The approach demonstrates superior performance in complex spatio-temporal scenarios.

Reliable interval forecasting is essential for risk-aware wind power scheduling, yet the strong nonstationarity and complex spatio-temporal coupling of wind power sequences make probabilistic prediction difficult. This study proposes VSTCformer (Variational-mode-decomposition-enhanced Spatio-Temporal Cross-attention transformer), a wind power interval forecasting framework that integrates adaptive variational mode decomposition (VMD) with spatio-temporal cross-attention and multi-quantile regression. The adaptive VMD module automatically determines the number of modes from the uniformity of center-frequency spacing and decomposes the raw power signal into frequency-aligned intrinsic components, while the undecomposed multivariate sequence is preserved to provide global temporal context. Spatial-guided and temporal-modulated attention realize implicit spatio-temporal coupling during encoding, and explicit fusion is achieved through inter-component interaction before the features are passed to the prediction head. Nine quantiles are jointly estimated to produce the median forecast and prediction intervals at multiple confidence levels. Two public benchmarks with markedly different temporal resolution and volatility are used for evaluation. The results show that VSTCformer preserves competitive point-forecast accuracy while substantially improving interval quality: it produces the narrowest prediction intervals at all evaluated horizons and achieves the best coverage-width trade-off in most settings. The central contribution of the framework is therefore an enhanced and well-calibrated uncertainty quantification capability, confirming that decomposition-enhanced spatio-temporal modeling is an effective route for wind power interval forecasting.