Water pollution has increased due to human activities; consequently, it is essential to treat both surface water and ground water so they are suitable to meet the needs of the population. This study will discuss water treatment intended to remove antimony. Antimony (Sb) is classed as a...

Iraqi soil contamination greatly influenced soil detachment. Previous researchers have not been able to predict the influence of crude oil soil contamination on either the mechanistic dimensional detachment parameter b₀ or the threshold parameter b₁ of the mechanistic detachment model (Wilson model). The aims of this research were (1) to investigate the influence of crude oil on deriving Wilson model parameters, b₀ and b₁, with two setups at different scales and different soil moisture contents and (2) to predict b₀ and b₁ in crude oil contaminated dry soils with varying levels of contamination. The “mini” JET apparatus was implemented under laboratory conditions for soil specimens packed at both a small (standard mold) and a large (in-situ soil box) scale. The results showed an inverse correlation between b₀ and water content for clean soil. No correlation between b₀ and soil moisture content was observed for contaminated soils. There was a huge reduction in the b₀ value as the contamination time increased compared to the clean soil. This was related to the role crude oil plays in soil stabilization. Crude oil contamination significantly increased lead contamination level while slightly increasing the pH and total organic carbon. The influence of crude oil on mechanistic soil detachment can be predicted with a priori JET experiments on soils without crude oil based on crude oil parameters.

Adverse health and environmental impacts of conventional chemical compounds in treating water and wastewater encouraged the study of natural alternatives, especially plant-based compounds. This study aims to investigate the feasibility of Moringa oleifera (MO) seeds as an eco-friendly natural coagulant and to compare their effectiveness with the chemical coagulant – aluminum sulfate (Alum). The performance of MO in turbidity and chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal from raw water employing the jar test was examined. Coagulation conditions were optimized using a jar test to determine the optimum dose of MO and pH level. The impact of the MO on treated water characteristics (electrical conductivity, pH, and total dissolved solids) was also examined. The experiment used a range of MO doses (50, 100, 150, 200, and 300 mg/l) and Alum (5, 10, 20, 30, and 40 mg/l) to treat raw water samples. The performance of both coagulants followed similar trends. The maximum turbidity removal efficiency was about 97 % obtained at an optimum dosage of 100 mg/l of MO, while for COD, the highest removal was about 49 % at 150 mg/l of MO. No significant effect of MO dosing on the pH level of the solution was noticed, while a substantial increase in electrical conductivity from 591 ± 1.5 μS/cm to 620 ± 1.5 μS/cm was observed when the dosage of MO increased to 300 mg/l. Total dissolved solids (TDS) also increased for raw water from 255 ± 1.0 μS/cm to 367 ± 2.0 μS/cm at a 300 mg/l dosage. One-way analysis of variance for the relation between dose and turbidity removal shows that the model is significant (F-value of 76.1, P-value less than 0.0001).

The magnetic derivative of Activated Carbon (AC) is a promising new technique to isolate and recover consumed adsorbent. In this light, the current research seeks to summarise the magnetisation rout of AC and its applications, while identifying both benefits and drawbacks of different synthetic routs. Several methods, such as chemical co-precipitation, hydrothermal, impregnation, ball milling, and one-step synthetic routs, have been studied by previous researchers. Among these methods, chemical co-precipitation is simple, extensively adapted for Magnetic Activated Carbon (MAC) syntheses. In general, the magnetic derivatives of AC show a reduction in the surface area and pore volume, due to introduction of magnetic nanoparticles. Magnetisation enhances contaminants' adsorption, despite the reduction in surface area. It allows elimination of contaminants, barely treated by pristine AC due to the introduction of magnetic materials. Developments in synthetic procedures could overcome the destructive influence of acidity on MAC, providing a shield against it. MAC has been used in several applications, including organic and inorganic contaminant removal. Medically, MAC is used to lead drugs to a specific organ and, thus, reduce damages to non-affected organs. It can be said that the preparation method did not obstruct MAC application for specific contaminant adsorption. MAC regeneration has been reported for several sorption cycles, making the process sustainable and cost-effective. Future work could further develop the synthetic route and enhance the characteristics of the produced composite. It also may consider the influence of iron on the treated water, depending on its proposed usage.