Whispering-gallery-mode (WGM) microcavities, with their ultra-high quality factors and deeply confined mode volumes, provide strong light–matter interaction and underpin a broad range of emerging photonic technologies. Their capabilities now span high-sensitivity sensing, ultra-low-noise microwave and frequency-comb generation, integrated quantum light sources, narrow-linewidth microlasers, and efficient nonlinear frequency conversion. As WGM devices advance toward greater practicality and integration, this paper reviews the research progress of WGM microcavity lasers across the visible to mid-infrared spectrum, which represents a key focus area, and discusses the challenges hindering their broader application.

In eukaryotic cells, the nucleolus is a pivotal subnuclear organelle, instrumental in ribosomal RNA synthesis and nuclear organization. Although the unique viscoelastic properties of the nucleolus are associated with transient interactions between chromatin and regulatory proteins, the specific mechanistic details driving nucleolar phase separation and mechanical responses have remained largely undefined. In this study, we employ a computational approach to elucidate chromatin-protein interactions within the nucleolus of budding yeast, using a sophisticated bead-spring polymer model. This model integrates DNA and nucleolar architectures with dynamic simulations of interactions involving chromosomal structural maintenance proteins and rDNA transcriptional regulators through systematically varied cross-linking kinetics. Our findings reveal that modulations in protein-DNA interactions critically dictate the phase behavior, relaxation dynamics, and viscoelastic properties of the nucleolus, underscoring a complex but precise regulatory mechanism at play. Notably, protein-mediated bridging emerges as a critical factor enhancing nucleolar condensation and modulating stress relaxation, highlighting the transformative role of transient cross-linking in nuclear mechanics regulation. These insights not only deepen our understanding of nucleolar function but also open avenues for interventions in genetic engineering and disease therapeutics.

Limited by multiple factors, such as land use planning, landscape coordination and environmental standards, the ventilation conditions of the urban highway tunnels are insufficient, and therefore the joint control of ventilation and purification becomes a necessary solution. In this study, the effect of number, location of decentralized purification equipment, and the tunnel ventilation rate on pollution in the tunnel are studied using one-dimensional calculation. The results show that the arrangement of purification equipment can reduce the design ventilation rate to a certain extent. When purification equipment is arranged, the maximum NO2 concentration can be reduced by up to 30.9%, and the average NO2 concentration can be reduced by up to 18.2% compared with that without purification. The purification equipment arranged in the rear section of the tunnel is conducive to reducing the concentration of pollutants at the exit, while the arrangement in the middle section of the tunnel is conducive to reducing the average concentration of pollutants in the tunnel.