A series of sulfenimide derivatives (1a-i) were investigated as inhibitors of human (hCA-I, hCA-II) and bovine (bCA) carbonic anhydrase enzymes. The compounds were synthesised by the reaction of substituted thiophenols with phthalimide by means of an effective, simple and eco-friendly method and the structures were confirmed by IR, ¹H NMR, ¹³C NMR, MS and elemental analysis. All derivatives except for the methyl derivative (1b) exhibited effective inhibitory action at low micromolar concentrations on human isoforms, but only four derivatives (1e, 1f, 1h, 1i) inhibited the bovine enzyme. The bromo derivative (1f) was found to be strongest inhibitor of all three enzymes with KI values of 0.023, 0.044 and 20.57 µM for hCA-I, hCA-II and bCA, respectively. Results of our study will make valuable contributions to carbonic anhydrase inhibition studies for further investigations since inhibitors of this enzyme are important molecules for medicinal chemistry.

Carambola is a fruit grown in tropical and subtropical regions of the world. Natural antioxidants including vitamin C, carotenoids, and certain phenolic substances are abundant in carambola fruit. As antioxidants support health by acting as nutraceutical and functional food additives, they help preserve food by preventing oxidation processes. The oxidation of various organic or inorganic substrates by hydrogen peroxide or organic peroxides as terminal oxidants is a process in which peroxidase, which is abundantly present in fruits and vegetables, participates. In this study, guaiacol peroxidase enzyme from carambola fruit was partially purified and characterized. Purification procedure made up the homogenate preparation, ammonium sulfate precipitation, and dialysis. After purification, optimum ionic strength, pH and substrate concentration were investigated. These values were determined as 200 mM Tris, pH: 7.5, 7.5 mM H2O2 and 15 mM guaiacol for carambola fruit guaiacol peroxidase enzyme, respectively.

Heavy metal contamination, particularly copper (Cu) toxicity, poses a severe threat to global agricultural productivity and soil ecosystem stability. This

Environmental stress factors, especially salinity, are among the most important abiotic stresses that negatively affect plant production worldwide. High salt levels in irrigation water are a major abiotic stress factor that significantly reduces spinach physiological functioning and production, particularly in irrigated areas. Improving the salt tolerance of spinach is critical for sustainable production, and in this study, we tested the hypothesis that exogenous proline (5 µM), ascorbic acid (1 mM), and salicylic acid (1 mM) applications, applied separately, would reduce salinity stress. These applications were performed at regular 14-day intervals starting from the third true leaf stage. For this purpose, plants were exposed to irrigation water salinities of 0.38, 2.0, 4.0, 7.0, 10.0, and 15.0 dS m⁻¹, and growth, photosynthetic performance, antioxidant enzyme activities, lipid peroxidation, endogenous proline, and mineral contents were assessed. Increasing salinity to 15 dS m⁻¹ decreased leaf area by 53.23% and stomatal conductance by 83.07%, and all these physiological changes were statistically significant. Under salinity conditions, catalase, guaiacol peroxidase, glutathione reductase, glutathione S-transferase, and superoxide dismutase activities increased by 1.13–2.52-fold, while ascorbate peroxidase activity decreased by 59.69%. Malondialdehyde levels increased 6-fold with salinity, indicating enhanced oxidative damage. Consequently, yield decreased by 31% under 15 dS m⁻¹ salinity. Although all exogenous applications alleviated salinity stress, the most significant improvement was observed in proline application. Proline increased yield and chlorophyll content by 9% and 8.5%, respectively, and also increased antioxidant enzyme activities by 24.4–66.7%. Salicylic acid treatment increased the K⁺/Na⁺ ratio by 26.6%, and ascorbic acid treatment increased the Ca²⁺/Na⁺ ratio by 36.6%. Overall, low-dose proline application was found to improve photosynthetic pigment content and stomatal conductance, antioxidant defenses, and ion homeostasis in spinach against salinity stress, providing a stronger protective effect compared to ascorbic acid and salicylic acid. Furthermore, it can be concluded that proline application could be an effective way to manage salinity-induced limitations to physiological processes and yields, providing practical applications for sustainable production under saline irrigation conditions.

Novel furan-tethered 1,3,4-thiadiazoles (1-5) were prepared and characterized by FT-IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR and elemental analysis. Compounds, in general, showed antibacterial effects on selected bacteria, including K. pneumoniae, E. faecium, S. epidermidis,