A series of sulfenimide derivatives (1a-i) were investigated as inhibitors of human (hCA-I, hCA-II) and bovine (bCA) carbonic anhydrase enzymes. The compounds were synthesised by the reaction of substituted thiophenols with phthalimide by means of an effective, simple and eco-friendly method and the structures were confirmed by IR, ¹H NMR, ¹³C NMR, MS and elemental analysis. All derivatives except for the methyl derivative (1b) exhibited effective inhibitory action at low micromolar concentrations on human isoforms, but only four derivatives (1e, 1f, 1h, 1i) inhibited the bovine enzyme. The bromo derivative (1f) was found to be strongest inhibitor of all three enzymes with KI values of 0.023, 0.044 and 20.57 µM for hCA-I, hCA-II and bCA, respectively. Results of our study will make valuable contributions to carbonic anhydrase inhibition studies for further investigations since inhibitors of this enzyme are important molecules for medicinal chemistry.

Arum species grow in temperate and Mediterranean climates and have been used for hundreds of years for food and medicinal purposes, although they are highly toxic if not cooked using proper techniques. Glutathione reductase (GR) is a member of the pyridine nucleotide disulfide oxidoreductase family of flavoenzymes that catalyzes the reduction of glutathione disulfide (GSSG) to reduced GSH using NADPH or NADH. In this study, GR enzyme was characterized by partial purification processes including homogenate preparation, ammonium sulfate precipitation and dialysis from the leaf of Arum maculatum plant. The highest enzyme activity was found at 40-60% saturation range. Optimum ionic strength, pH and substrate concentration were investigated for GR enzyme from A. maculatum leaf. As a result of the study, these values were found to be 150 mM potassium phosphate buffer, pH 7.00, and 0.18 mM, respectively. The GR enzyme was partially purified from the leaf of the A. maculatum with a specific activity of 1.640 EU mg-1 in 34.9% yield, 1.108-fold. This study is the first study in terms of purification and characterization of GR enzyme from A. maculatum leaf.

Heavy metal contamination, particularly copper (Cu) toxicity, poses a severe threat to global agricultural productivity and soil ecosystem stability. This

Novel furan-tethered 1,3,4-thiadiazoles (1-5) were prepared and characterized by FT-IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR and elemental analysis. Compounds, in general, showed antibacterial effects on selected bacteria, including K. pneumoniae, E. faecium, S. epidermidis,

This study focuses on the purification, characterization, and metal ion inhibition analysis of glutathione reductase (GR) from soybean (Glycine max L.) seeds, an economically important crop. GR is a critical enzyme in the antioxidant defense system, playing a key role in maintaining redox homeostasis by regenerating reduced glutathione (GSH) from its oxidized form (GSSG). The enzyme was first purified from soybean seed by ammonium sulfate precipitation and affinity chromatography on a 2',5'-ADP Sepharose 4B column. The purified enzyme appeared as a single 75 kDa band on sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). Optimum ionic strength and pH values were determined as 300 mM (pH 8.5) for Tris-HCl buffer, and 300 mM (pH 8.0) for potassium phosphate buffer, respectively, for the characterization of the enzyme. The enzyme was then analyzed for susceptibility to the inhibitory effects of many common metal ions found in nature, including Mg2+, Mn2+, Cr3+, Ba2+, Cu2+, Ni2+, Zn2+, Cd2+ and Ag+. The half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values of these metal ions were determined to range from 0.0002727mM to 2.824 mM. The most powerful inhibitor among others was found as silver with an IC50 value of 0.27 µM. Our findings indicate that these metals may be harmful to the soybean seed GR enzyme even at low micromolar concentrations, suggesting potential risks associated with environmental exposure to these metals. Furthermore, this study provides valuable information on the biochemical interactions between metal ions and GR, emphasising the need for further research to understand the mechanisms of inhibition and to develop strategies to reduce metal toxicity. This study highlights the sensitivity of GR to metal ions and underscores the potential impact of metal pollution on agricultural production.