Worldwide vaccination against SARS-CoV-2 has allowed the detection of hematologic autoimmune complications. Adverse events (AEs) of this nature had been previously observed in association with other vaccines. The underlying mechanisms are not totally understood, although mimicry between viral and self-antigens plays a relevant role. It is important to remark that, although the incidence of these AEs is extremely low, their evolution may lead to life-threatening scenarios if treatment is not readily initiated. Hematologic autoimmune AEs have been associated with both mRNA and adenoviral vector-based SARS-CoV-2 vaccines. The main reported entities are secondary immune thrombocytopenia, immune thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura, autoimmune hemolytic anemia, Evans syndrome, and a newly described disorder, so-called vaccine-induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia (VITT). The hallmark of VITT is the presence of anti-platelet factor 4 autoantibodies able to trigger platelet activation. Patients with VITT present with thrombocytopenia and may develop thrombosis in unusual locations such as cerebral beds. The management of hematologic autoimmune AEs does not differ significantly from that of these disorders in a non-vaccine context, thus addressing autoantibody production and bleeding/thromboembolic risk. This means that clinicians must be aware of their distinctive signs in order to diagnose them and initiate treatment as soon as possible.

Primary immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) is an autoimmune disorder that causes low platelet counts and subsequent bleeding risk. Although current corticosteroid-based ITP therapies are able to improve platelet counts, up to 70% of subjects with an ITP diagnosis do not achieve a sustained clinical response in the absence of treatment, thus requiring a second-line therapy option as well as additional care to prevent bleeding. Less than 40% of patients treated with thrombopoietin analogs, 60% of those treated with splenectomy, and 20% or fewer of those treated with rituximab or fostamatinib reach sustained remission in the absence of treatment. Therefore, optimizing therapeutic options for ITP management is mandatory. The pathophysiology of ITP is complex and involves several mechanisms that are apparently unrelated. These include the clearance of autoantibody-coated platelets by splenic macrophages or by the complement system, hepatic desialylated platelet destruction, and the inhibition of platelet production from megakaryocytes. The number of pathways involved may challenge treatment, but, at the same time, offer the possibility of unveiling a variety of new targets as the knowledge of the involved mechanisms progresses. The aim of this work, after revising the limitations of the current treatments, is to perform a thorough review of the mechanisms of action, pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics, efficacy, safety, and development stage of the novel ITP therapies under investigation. Hopefully, several of the options included herein may allow us to personalize ITP management according to the needs of each patient in the near future.

Background: Thrombocytopenia is traditionally perceived as a bleeding-predominant condition; however, growing evidence indicates that many thrombocytopenic states are paradoxically associated with an increased risk of venous and arterial thrombosis. This dual hemostatic derangement poses major therapeutic challenges when anticoagulant or antiplatelet therapy is indicated, particularly in complex settings such as cancer-associated thrombosis, immune thrombocytopenia, and advanced liver disease. Methods: We conducted a narrative review of the literature published between January 2021 and May 2025 using PubMed and guideline repositories. Search terms included thrombocytopenia, anticoagulation, antiplatelet therapy, cancer-associated thrombosis, immune thrombocytopenia, and cirrhosis. International guidelines from ASH, ISTH, ASCO, EHA, ESC, and AHA were prioritized. Evidence was synthesized to define platelet-based safety thresholds and disease-specific management strategies. Results/Discussion: Thrombocytopenia does not uniformly confer protection against thrombosis. Platelet activation, endothelial dysfunction, inflammatory signaling, impaired fibrinolysis, and procoagulant microparticles contribute to a prothrombotic milieu despite reduced platelet counts. Most guidelines support full-dose anticoagulation at platelet counts ≥ 50 × 10⁹/L, with dose modification between 25 and 50 × 10⁹/L and treatment interruption below 25 × 10⁹/L, depending on thrombotic risk. Antiplatelet therapy requires stricter individualization, particularly regarding dual antiplatelet therapy. Conclusions: Management of antithrombotic therapy in thrombocytopenic patients requires a dynamic, individualized approach balancing ischemic and bleeding risks. Pragmatic algorithms may guide clinical decision-making while prospective data remain limited.

Background: Hemophilia adversely affects several health domains and impairs the daily life of both patients and caregivers. Objectives: To assess the impact of hemophilia A without inhibitors on humanistic outcomes in adult and young patients and their caregivers in a real-life setting. Methods: This was a 12-month multicenter prospective observational study conducted in 18 Spanish hospitals. Patients who were diagnosed with hemophilia A (PWHs), without inhibitors, and who were 12 years of age or older, and their caregivers were included in the study. Results: A total of 85 PWHs (mean age: 33 years) and 12 caregivers participated in the study; 51 PWHs completed it, representing a 40% lost-to-follow-up rate. Twenty-five percent of PWHs showed maladjustment at study completion, with ‘leisure time’ and ‘work/studies’ being the most affected domains. Quality of life was particularly impaired in the sport, physical health and future areas. ‘Lying/sitting/kneeling/standing’ and ‘leisure activities and sports’ were the most impaired functions. Productivity was mainly affected by presenteeism in adult PWHs; 40 painful joint bleeding episodes were reported. Active strategies were mostly used for coping with chronic pain, and anxiety and/or depression were present in more than 10% of PWHs. Anxiety and depression were more frequently reported by caregivers. Conclusions: The study results suggest sustained impairments in adaptation to their disease, quality of life, and functionality in PWHs without inhibitors, especially related to leisure and sports activities, and a nontrivial proportion of them presented clinical levels of depression and anxiety. Overall impairment was more marked in adults than in children. In addition, due to the limited number of caregivers, their results must be considered exploratory.

Fostamatinib is a spleen tyrosine kinase (SYK) inhibitor approved for the treatment of adult patients with chronic immune thrombocytopenia (ITP). There is little information about dose tapering and sustained remission after discontinuation in ITP. In this retrospective, multicenter study we evaluated efficacy and safety of fostamatinib in adult patients with ITP before, during and after tapering/discontinuation (T/D). T/D was performed in subjects who achieved complete platelet response (CR) with progressive, conditional dose reduction dose every 4 weeks. Sixty-one patients were included at 14 reference centers between October 2021 and May 2023. In subjects that completed T/D (n=9), median time from treatment initiation to response was 21 days (IQR:7.5-42), time to CR 28 days (IQR:28-42), time to start tapering 116 days (IQR: 42-140), duration of tapering 112.5 days (IQR 94.5-191). Median platelet count at tapering was 232×10⁹/L (IQR 152-345×10⁹/L) and at discontinuation 190×10⁹/L (IQR 142.5-316.5×10⁹/L). With a median follow-up since discontinuation of 263 days (IQR: 247-313 days), only two patients have relapsed (at 63 and 73 days. Fostamatinib was restarted, achieving a new CR. Platelet counts higher than 100x10⁹/L at week 12 was the only positive predictive factors for successful tapering and discontinuation.