This review aims to give an insight into the main hazards currently found in smoked meat and fish products. Literature research was carried out on international databases such as Access to Global Online Research in Agriculture (AGORA) database, Science direct, and Google scholar to collect and select 92 relevant publications included in this review. The smoking process was described and five hazards mostly found in smoked fish and meat were presented. The heat‐induced compounds such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, heterocyclic amines, and nitrosamines were found in smoked fish and meat. Other hazards such as biogenic amines and heavy metals were also present in smoked fish and meat. The levels of these hazards reported from the literature exceeded the maximal limits of European Union. A brief description of risk assessment methodology applicable to such toxic compounds and risk assessment examples was also presented in this review. As most of the hazards reported in this review are toxic and even carcinogenic to humans, actions should be addressed to reduce their presence in food to protect consumer health and to prevent public health issue.

A wide range of traditional fermented foods is produced and prized in communities in developing countries. Due to the generation of beneficial microorganisms, nutritional and bioactive compounds such as organic acids, antioxidants, enzymes, vitamins, minerals, high bioavailable proteins, peptides, mannans, β-glucans and amino-acids, fermentation has been considered one of most vital food processing techniques to improve product shelf life, quality, and safety. The presented overview of scientific research emphasizes the microflora potential and multifold advantageous effects of the fermented foods traditionally produced in the Benin Republic. Several innovative scientific investigations on fermentation and fermented products, together with indigenous knowledge and professional experience, have been explored and discussed. The characterization of microbiological aspects of these foods revealed that they present economic, nutritional, and health advantages with essential prebiotics and probiotics for the indigenous communities. Furthermore, traditional fermented foods have high safety and quality. However, the industrial way is suggested to limit the eventual adverse contaminations.

Pigments are widely valued as colorants or bioactive agents in food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic sectors. The increasing attention on the natural pigments can be associated with the availability, dietary, low-cost, bioactivity and safety. Sorghum bicolor is a common plant crop with many health benefits commonly. 3-deoxyanthocyanidin derivatives are the predominant anthocyanidins in the leaf sheaths of red sorghum. In this review, the phytochemical and nutritional properties of the leaf sheaths of red sorghum and the stability of the main pigments are discussed. In addition, the taxonomical and geographic distribution and traditional uses of the red sorghum are discussed. Anthocyanidins (luteolinidin, apigeninidin, apigeninidin-flavene dimer, apigeninidin-7-o-methylflavene dimer and 7-o-methylapigeninidin) as well as other flavonoids, phenolic acids, alkaloids, saponins, steroids and tannins have been reported as dominant phytochemicals in the leaf sheaths of red sorghum. They are rich source of micronutrients like essential vitamins and minerals. These properties attract populations to use the leaf sheaths of red sorghum for diverse purposes. It is also resulted that 3-deoxyanthocyanidins in the leaf sheaths of red sorghum are resistant to pH, temperature, light and copigments.

Agrifood wastes derived from fruits and vegetables are a major source of valuable bioactive compounds. They are therefore a potential functional ingredient that can be used for improving the physicochemical, and sensory, properties; health benefits; and shelf life of food. This study was aimed at evaluating the antioxidant and antimicrobial potential of tomato seed (Solanum lycopersicum) meal derived from agrifood waste to be used as a functional ingredient for food preservation. To this end, proximate composition, bioactive compounds, antioxidant activity, antimicrobial ability, and functional properties were evaluated using relevant methods. The seeds are the most nutrient‐rich part of the tomato. They contain major macronutrients such as proteins (29.97%, dw), lipids (28.32%, dw), carbohydrates (17.19%, dw), and dietary fibers (20.93%, dw). They are rich in minerals (3.57%, dw), and bioactive molecules include total phenolic (4.8 mg/100 g) and carotenoids (with 43.65 μg/g for lycopene and 23.62 μg/g for β‐carotene). Owing to their content of biomolecules, tomato seed meal extracts inhibited the growth of certain food‐borne pathogens and food spoilage microorganisms with inhibition diameters of up to 25 cm. Methanolic extracts of these meals showed significant antioxidant activity (25.03% inhibition percentage of diphenyl‐picryl‐hydrazyl). Our findings highlight the importance of making better valorization of tomato seeds. Tomato seed meal has interesting potential as a functional ingredient, capable of improving the physicochemical properties, enriching the nutritional quality, and extending the shelf life of foods.