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Guangling Zhao
Department of Energy Conversion and Storage, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark

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Research article
Published: 20 September 2020 in Frontiers in Energy
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This paper aims to discuss an environmental, social, and economic analysis of energy utilization of crop residues from life cycle perspectives in China. The methodologies employed to achieve this objective are environmental life cycle assessment (E-LCA), life cycle cost (LCC), and social life cycle assessment (S-LCA). Five scenarios are developed based on the conversion technologies and final bioenergy products. The system boundaries include crop residue collection, transportation, pre-treatment, and conversion process. The replaced amounts of energy are also taken into account in the E-LCA analysis. The functional unit is defined as 1 MJ of energy produced. Eight impact categories are considered besides climate change in E-LCA. The investment capital cost and salary cost are collected and compared in the life cycle of the scenarios. Three stakeholders and several subcategories are considered in the S-LCA analysis defined by UNEP/ SETAS guidelines. The results show that the energy utilization of crop residue has carbon emission factors of 0.09–0.18 kg (CO2 eq per 1 MJ), and presents a net carbon emissions reduction of 0.03–0.15 kg (CO2 eq per 1 MJ) compared with the convectional electricity or petrol, but the other impacts should be paid attention to in the biomass energy scenarios. The energy utilization of crop residues can bring economic benefit to local communities and the society, but the working conditions of local workers need to be improved in future biomass energy development.

ACS Style

Yueling Zhang; Junjie Li; Huan Liu; Guangling Zhao; Yajun Tian; Kechang Xie. Environmental, social, and economic assessment of energy utilization of crop residue in China. Frontiers in Energy 2020, 15, 308 -319.

AMA Style

Yueling Zhang, Junjie Li, Huan Liu, Guangling Zhao, Yajun Tian, Kechang Xie. Environmental, social, and economic assessment of energy utilization of crop residue in China. Frontiers in Energy. 2020; 15 (2):308-319.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Yueling Zhang; Junjie Li; Huan Liu; Guangling Zhao; Yajun Tian; Kechang Xie. 2020. "Environmental, social, and economic assessment of energy utilization of crop residue in China." Frontiers in Energy 15, no. 2: 308-319.

Journal article
Published: 03 August 2020 in International Journal of Hydrogen Energy
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Hydrogen produced from H2O electrolysis works as an energy carrier and helps to overcome the challenges of intermittent renewable energy sources. At present, no comprehensive environmental impact assessment is available for three commercially H2O electrolysis technologies, namely solid oxide electrolysis cell (SOEC), polymer electrolyte membrane electrolysis cell (PEMEC), and alkaline electrolysis cell (AEC). The study aimed to provide potential environmental impacts of the electrolysis technologies based on life cycle assessment. Among the investigated 16 impact categories, the stage of critical material use of three H2O electrolysis stacks was identified as the hotspot of environmental impacts. The critical materials were stainless steel and nickel from SOEC, platinum and iridium from PEMEC, and nickel from AEC. Life cycle impact results from PEMEC stack were much higher than these from SOEC and AEC stacks, while electricity played a more important role in the life cycle impact of hydrogen production. The sensitivity analysis indicated that the most effective approach to reducing potential impacts would be to reduce critical materials use on the current status of electrolysis technologies.

ACS Style

Guangling Zhao; Mikkel Rykær Kraglund; Henrik Lund Frandsen; Anders Christian Wulff; Søren Højgaard Jensen; Ming Chen; Christopher R. Graves. Life cycle assessment of H2O electrolysis technologies. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 2020, 45, 23765 -23781.

AMA Style

Guangling Zhao, Mikkel Rykær Kraglund, Henrik Lund Frandsen, Anders Christian Wulff, Søren Højgaard Jensen, Ming Chen, Christopher R. Graves. Life cycle assessment of H2O electrolysis technologies. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy. 2020; 45 (43):23765-23781.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Guangling Zhao; Mikkel Rykær Kraglund; Henrik Lund Frandsen; Anders Christian Wulff; Søren Højgaard Jensen; Ming Chen; Christopher R. Graves. 2020. "Life cycle assessment of H2O electrolysis technologies." International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 45, no. 43: 23765-23781.

Journal article
Published: 24 August 2018 in International Journal of Hydrogen Energy
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Hydrogen can compensate for the intermittent nature of some renewable energy sources and encompass the options of supplying renewables to offset the use of fossil fuels. The integrating of hydrogen application into the energy system will change the current energy market. Therefore, this paper deploys the life cycle cost analysis of hydrogen production by polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) electrolysis and applications for electricity and mobility purposes. The hydrogen production process includes electricity generated from wind turbines, PEM electrolyser, hydrogen compression, storage, and distribution by H2 truck and tube trailer. The hydrogen application process includes PEM fuel cell stacks generating electricity, a H2 refuelling station supplying hydrogen, and range extender fuel cell electric vehicles (RE-FCEVs). The cost analysis is conducted from a demonstration project of green hydrogen on a remote archipelago. The methodology of life cycle cost is employed to conduct the cost of hydrogen production and application. Five scenarios are developed to compare the cost of hydrogen applications with the conventional energy sources considering CO2 emission cost. The comparisons show the cost of using hydrogen for energy purposes is still higher than the cost of using fossil fuels. The largest contributor of the cost is the electricity consumption. In the sensitivity analysis, policy supports such as feed-in tariff (FITs) could bring completive of hydrogen with fossil fuels in current energy market.

ACS Style

Guangling Zhao; Eva Ravn Nielsen; Enrique Troncoso; Kris Hyde; Jesús Simón Romeo; Michael Diderich. Life cycle cost analysis: A case study of hydrogen energy application on the Orkney Islands. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 2018, 44, 9517 -9528.

AMA Style

Guangling Zhao, Eva Ravn Nielsen, Enrique Troncoso, Kris Hyde, Jesús Simón Romeo, Michael Diderich. Life cycle cost analysis: A case study of hydrogen energy application on the Orkney Islands. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy. 2018; 44 (19):9517-9528.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Guangling Zhao; Eva Ravn Nielsen; Enrique Troncoso; Kris Hyde; Jesús Simón Romeo; Michael Diderich. 2018. "Life cycle cost analysis: A case study of hydrogen energy application on the Orkney Islands." International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 44, no. 19: 9517-9528.

Journal article
Published: 05 January 2017 in Energy
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Beijing, as the capital of China, is under the high pressure of climate change and pollution. The consumption of non-renewable energy is one of the most important sources of the CO2 emissions, which cause climate changes. This paper presents a study on the energy system modelling towards renewable energy and low carbon development for the city of Beijing. The analysis of energy system modelling is organized in two steps to explore the alternative renewable energy system in Beijing. Firstly, a reference energy system of Beijing is created based on the available data in 2014. The EnergyPLAN, an energy system analysis tool, is chosen to develop the reference energy model. Secondly, this reference model is used to investigate the alternative energy system for integrating renewable energies. Three scenarios are developed towards the energy system of Beijing in 2030, which are: (i) reference scenario 2030, (ii) BAU (business as usual) scenario 2030, and (iii) RES (renewable energies) scenario 2030. The 100% renewable energy system with zero CO2 emissions can be achieved by increasing solar energy, biomass and municipal solid waste (MSW) and optimizing heating system. The primary fuel consumption is reduced to 155.9 TWh in the RES scenario, which is 72% of fuel consumption in the reference scenario 2030.

ACS Style

Guangling Zhao; Josep Guerrero; Kejun Jiang; Sha Chen. Energy modelling towards low carbon development of Beijing in 2030. Energy 2017, 121, 107 -113.

AMA Style

Guangling Zhao, Josep Guerrero, Kejun Jiang, Sha Chen. Energy modelling towards low carbon development of Beijing in 2030. Energy. 2017; 121 ():107-113.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Guangling Zhao; Josep Guerrero; Kejun Jiang; Sha Chen. 2017. "Energy modelling towards low carbon development of Beijing in 2030." Energy 121, no. : 107-113.

Journal article
Published: 29 September 2016 in Energies
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Electricity consumption is often the hotspot of life cycle assessment (LCA) of products, industrial activities, or services. The objective of this paper is to provide a consistent, scientific, region-specific electricity-supply-based inventory of electricity generation technology for national and regional power grids. Marginal electricity generation technology is pivotal in assessing impacts related to additional consumption of electricity. China covers a large geographical area with regional supply grids; these are arguably equally or less integrated. Meanwhile, it is also a country with internal imbalances in regional energy supply and demand. Therefore, we suggest an approach to achieve a geographical subdivision of the Chinese electricity grid, corresponding to the interprovincial regional power grids, namely the North, the Northeast, the East, the Central, the Northwest, and the Southwest China Grids, and the China Southern Power Grid. The approach combines information from the Chinese national plans on for capacity changes in both production and distribution grids, and knowledge of resource availability. The results show that nationally, marginal technology is coal-fired electricity generation, which is the same scenario in the North and Northwest China Grid. In the Northeast, East, and Central China Grid, nuclear power gradually replaces coal-fired electricity and becomes the marginal technology. In the Southwest China Grid and the China Southern Power Grid, the marginal electricity is hydropower towards 2030.

ACS Style

Guangling Zhao; Josep M. Guerrero; Yingying Pei. Marginal Generation Technology in the Chinese Power Market towards 2030 Based on Consequential Life Cycle Assessment. Energies 2016, 9, 788 .

AMA Style

Guangling Zhao, Josep M. Guerrero, Yingying Pei. Marginal Generation Technology in the Chinese Power Market towards 2030 Based on Consequential Life Cycle Assessment. Energies. 2016; 9 (10):788.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Guangling Zhao; Josep M. Guerrero; Yingying Pei. 2016. "Marginal Generation Technology in the Chinese Power Market towards 2030 Based on Consequential Life Cycle Assessment." Energies 9, no. 10: 788.

Preprint
Published: 28 September 2016
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Electricity consumption is often the hotspot of life cycle assessment (LCA) of products, industrial activities, or services. The objective of this paper is to provide a consistent, scientific, region-specific electricity-supply-based inventory of electricity generation technology for national and regional power grids. Marginal electricity generation technology is pivotal in assessing impacts related to additional consumption of electricity. China covers a large geographical area with regional supply grids; these are arguably equally or less integrated. Meanwhile, it is also a country with internal imbalances in regional energy supply and demand. Therefore, we suggest an approach to achieve a geographical subdivision of the Chinese electricity grid, corresponding to the interprovincial regional power grids, namely the North, the Northeast, the East, the Central, the Northwest, and the Southwest China Grids, and the China Southern Power Grid. The approach combines information from the Chinese national plans on for capacity changes in both production and distribution grids, and knowledge of resource availability. The results show that nationally, marginal technology is coal-fired electricity generation, which is the same scenario in the North and Northwest China Grid. In the Northeast, East, and Central China Grid, nuclear power gradually replaces coal-fired electricity and becomes the marginal technology. In the Southwest China Grid and the China Southern Power Grid, the marginal electricity is hydropower towards 2030.

ACS Style

Guangling Zhao; Josep M. Guerrero; Yingying Pei. Marginal Generation Technology in the Chinese Power Market towards 2030 Based on Consequential Life Cycle Assessment. 2016, 1 .

AMA Style

Guangling Zhao, Josep M. Guerrero, Yingying Pei. Marginal Generation Technology in the Chinese Power Market towards 2030 Based on Consequential Life Cycle Assessment. . 2016; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Guangling Zhao; Josep M. Guerrero; Yingying Pei. 2016. "Marginal Generation Technology in the Chinese Power Market towards 2030 Based on Consequential Life Cycle Assessment." , no. : 1.