Upland cotton is an important fiber and oilseed crop. Cottonseed produces approximately 15% of farm gate value in cotton production. Therefore, improvement of cottonseed oil can significantly increase the economic return of cotton production with the same land use and investment. However, genetic variation in cottonseed oil is highly limited within upland cotton, limiting the genetic gain in cottonseed oil. Introgression breeding can alleviate this bottleneck effect by introducing desirable genes from Pima to Upland cotton. The objective of this study was to evaluate introgression lines (ILs) for better cottonseed oil. A population of 590 ILs, developed from a cross between Acala 1517-99 and Pima, was grown in Las Cruces, NM in 2022 which was used for the fatty acid methyl ester analysis through gas chromatography. There was a high level of variation in cottonseed oil and fatty acids. In the biplot, cottonseed oil was positively correlated with oleic acid and negatively related with palmitic acid. The cluster analysis identified a group of ILs with the highest average oil and oleic acid. As a result, ILs with better oil profiles were identified for further testing and analysis toward the development of high-quality cotton varieties with higher and better oil.

Cotton (Gossypium spp.) is the most important fiber crop for the textile industry globally. Abiotic stresses, including drought, have become prevalent in affecting cotton production worldwide. There is a shortage of studies on the use of biochar as a soil amendment in the semi-arid and arid Southwest and West U.S. Cotton Belt to alleviate drought stress. This study was conducted to examine the effects of biochar at four application rates (0, 6.25, 12.5, and 25.0 t ha⁻¹) on cotton yield and yield components using six tetraploid cotton genotypes, including one Pima (G. barbadense L.) and five Upland cottons (G. hirsutum L.), under well-watered (WW) and drought stress (DS) conditions in an arid region of New Mexico, USA. The six cotton genotypes consistently showed that DS at the flowering stage significantly decreased boll number (BN), boll weight (BW), and lint percentage (LP), and thereby seed cotton weight (SCW) per plant and lint weight (LW) per plant. However, Pima DP 359 RF had the lowest reduction (23–33%) in BN, SCW, and LW due to drought, while DP 2020 B3XF was the most sensitive to drought, with a 45–48% reduction in the traits. Under DS conditions, biochar at the rate of 12.5 t ha⁻¹ had the highest SCW and LW, and the lowest reduction in BN, BW, SCW, and LW due to drought, which was significantly different from the non-biochar control, and no genotype × biochar interaction was detected. However, biochar had no positive effects on cotton productivity under non-drought conditions. This study has demonstrated the positive effects of biochar on cotton yield and yield components in alleviating drought stress, laying the foundation for more follow-up studies toward its utility in cotton production in semi-arid and arid areas.