Seismic signal denoising stands as a vital process that enables precise seismic data analysis because noise interference blocks the detection of weak but valuable seismic signals. The current traditional denoising methods together with deep learning-based data-driven approaches encounter difficulties when they need to remove noise from seismic signals while keeping their fundamental structural elements, especially under conditions of low signal-to-noise ratios. In this study, we propose a novel denoising framework that integrates a physics-guided neural network with adaptive time–frequency decomposition, referred to as TF-PhysNet. The system breaks down broadband seismic data into separate frequency bands. Scientists can use these to study specific noise patterns that appear at various frequency points. The system uses a shared convolutional neural network-long short-term memory architecture to remove noise from each sub-band, which helps it learn both short-term waveform patterns and extended temporal relationships. The system uses physics-guided restrictions to eliminate false signal variations, which appear during the signal recovery process. The experimental findings from synthetic and real seismic data sets show that TF-PhysNet delivers better results than standard denoising techniques and deep learning-based methods for signal-to-noise ratio improvement and correlation coefficient enhancement.