The aim of this narrative review is to critically assess the renoprotective effects of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs) in managing albuminuria among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus within the framework of personalized medicine. By integrating current evidence from clinical trials and meta-analyses, the review highlights how GLP-1RAs not only enhance glycemic control but also reduce blood pressure, induce weight loss, and mitigate inflammatory responses. While these given factors may vary according to individual patient profiles, they also collectively contribute to slowing the progression of diabetic kidney disease (DKD). Additionally, the discussion emphasizes the dual cardiovascular and renal benefits from these agents, underscoring their role in reducing albuminuria and preserving renal function. The review also identifies gaps in knowledge, suggesting future research directions for optimizing patient selection and treatment regimens to maximize therapeutic benefits.

Background: Cancers remain a leading cause of mortality in a modern society, and their incidence is growing each year. The disease and its related therapies cause considerable side effects, functional deterioration, and reduce quality of life (QoL), all of which correlate with less favourable outcomes. Physical activity (PA) represents a cost-effective and non-invasive adjunct to the traditional therapy regimes, which can alleviate these negative effects and improve clinical outcomes Aim: The narrative review summarises current evidence about the role of PA in oncology. It provides a solid background in biochemical mechanisms involved in the modulation of cancer biology and evaluates its clinical significance by assessing psychological, physiological, cognitive, QoL and mortality rates Methods: We conducted a narrative review of the available literature on the role of physical activity in modulating physiological and functional parameters, as well as mortality, in cancer patients. We considered original studies, reviews, systematic reviews and meta-analyses. Results: Evidence indicates that PA is an effective tool in both the prevention and management of cancers. Patients who engage in PA have improved metabolic, immune and oxidative stress parameters, which provide clinical outcomes such as improved QoL, cognitive, psychological and physiological performance. This consequently leads to a better prevention of cancers and provides benefits in terms of overall survival Conclusions: PA is an effective strategy for enhancing clinical outcomes in the cancer population and should be considered as an additional approach integrated into clinical guidelines.

Background Radical prostatectomy is a primary treatment for localized prostate cancer but often results in urinary incontinence and erectile dysfunction, significantly impacting patient quality of life. Prehabilitation, defined as the optimization of physical capacity before surgery—aims to increase physiological reserve to buffer the functional decline caused by surgical trauma. Aim The primary objective of this scoping review is to comprehensively evaluate the efficacy of various prehabilitation modalities on functional outcomes following radical prostatectomy. Specifically, this report assesses the impact of preoperative Pelvic Floor Muscle Training, High-Intensity Interval Training, resistance exercise, and multimodal lifestyle interventions on the recovery of urinary continence, erectile function, and cardiorespiratory fitness. Material and Methods A review of RCTs, prospective cohorts, and meta-analyses published through 2025 was conducted. The synthesis included diverse interventions and measured outcomes using validated tools like the EPIC and IIEF scales, as well as objective pad tests. Results Preoperative PFMT with biofeedback significantly speeds early urinary recovery. However, long-term results match standard postoperative care, indicating a "bolus effect" that accelerates initial progress without altering the final anatomical plateau. Systemic prehabilitation via HIIT and resistance training was found to significantly improve cardiorespiratory fitness and muscular strength, leading to a substantial reduction in post-operative complications, though the direct translation to urological function remains heterogeneous. Conclusions Prehabilitation is a safe and effective strategy to enhance early functional recovery. While it cannot fully overcome severe anatomical deficits, it provides a crucial buffer that speeds the return to continence. Evidence strongly supports integrating multimodal prehabilitation into standard urological care.

Addison’s disease (AD) is a relatively uncommon illness presented by decreased adrenal production of adrenocortical hormones - mainly glucocorticoids. We present a case of a patient who had symptoms of chronic fatigue, depression that made it difficult for her to carry out everyday household activities. In basic laboratory tests, they mainly noted low sodium (Na), increased potassium (K) and low fasting glucose concentration. The patient’s informed consent was obtained for the presentation of anonymised laboratory, clinical and imaging data. On the basis of the clinical picture and hormonal tests, Addison’s disease was confirmed. Significant clinical improvement was observed following the addition of hydrocortisone to the treatment regimen. Advances in optimizingtreatment for patients with Addison’s disease have enabled them to lead normal lives. However, it is important to continuously educate patients and healthcare professionals about the ever-present threat of adrenal crisis.

Introduction & Aim: Sudden cardiac arrest remains a leading cause of mortality, with global survival rates remaining low. High-quality CPR characterized by adequate depth and minimal interruptions, is the cornerstone of survival. Manual CPR quality often declines due to rescuer fatigue and challenging environments. Mechanical chest compression devices (MCCDs) offer a potential solution to ensure consistent quality. This study aims to provide an overview of MCCDs available in the Polish Emergency Medical System, highlighting their advantages, limitations and applications, while evaluating their clinical effectiveness compared to manual CPR. Material and methods: The study consisted of a descriptive and comparative literature review, focusing on the technical data and clinical evidence (up to 2025) for the AutoPulse, LUCAS, and Corpuls CPR systems used in Poland. Data analysis included RCTS, cohort studies, systematic reviews, and meta-analyses evaluating MCCDs, utilizing PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar. Results: MCCDs ensure high-quality, uninterrupted compressions, particularly in challenging transport or specific scenarios, freeing up personnel for other tasks. Large-scale randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and recent meta-analyses demonstrate that MCCDs provide comparable survival outcomes to high-quality manual CPR, with survival rates ranging from 6.0% to 9.4%. However, MCCDs show a significant advantage in specialized scenarios - prolonged transport, catheterization labs, or as a bridge to advanced therapies like eCPR and extracorporeal life support. Conclusions: MCCDs are reliable alternatives for specific clinical situations. Although they involve higher costs and different injury patterns, the benefits of maintaining consistent CPR quality in conditions where manual compressions fail are measurable. Current guidelines recommend their use as a viable alternative in specific, difficult circumstances, rather than as a routine replacement for manual CPR.

Background. Hashimoto’s thyroiditis (HT) is the most common cause of hypothyroidism worldwide and requires lifelong management. Due to the chronic nature of the disease and persistent symptoms despite biochemical euthyroidism, patients frequently seek online advice on dietary restrictions, supplementation, and pharmacotherapy. Large Language Models (LLMs) such as ChatGPT are increasingly used as sources of patient education; however, their consistency with established clinical guidelines, particularly those relevant to European and Polish populations, remains insufficiently evaluated. Aim. This study aimed to conduct a comprehensive cross-sectional analysis of the accuracy, safety, and concordance of ChatGPT-4o responses with international clinical guidelines and clinical practice across four domains: diet/lifestyle, pharmacotherapy, supplementation, and common myths/safety. Materials and Methods., Thirty-five standardized patient prompts reflecting real-world clinical questions were analyzed. Responses generated by ChatGPT-4o (January 2026) were assessed using a 3-point concordance scale based on recommendations from the Polish Endocrine Society (PTE), European Thyroid Association (ETA), and relevant peer-reviewed literature. Results. Overall concordance with clinical guidelines was high (91.4%). The strongest performance was observed in pharmacotherapy-related questions and safety-critical scenarios, including pregnancy and drug interactions. Minor limitations concerned dosing nuances for certain supplements, where the AI occasionally adopted a more optimistic approach than conservative clinical recommendations. Conclusions. ChatGPT shows high potential as a supportive educational tool for patients with hypothyroidism, providing guidance largely consistent with Evidence-Based Medicine and current PTE/ETA standards. However, due to limited nuance in “grey area” topics, it should complement rather than replace professional endocrinological consultation.