Social media is one of the most common sources of medical information. We aimed to evaluate the information contained on websites, including social media and descriptions of fundraisers, in terms of the reliability of knowledge about SMA and gene therapy with onasemnogen abeparvovec. We used a set of available online links found using the Newspointtool. Initially, 1525 texts were included in the study, and after applying the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 112 texts were qualified for analysis using the DISCERN scale and the set of questions prepared by the authors. We observed that most of the texts had poor (48.65%) and medium (27.03%) reliability in the final reliability assessment. All the texts selected for the study were related to gene therapy, although few contained key information about it. In addition, the authors of the entries used various words and phrases that influenced the readers’ perceptions of the text. Of the analyzed sources, 68.8% had an emotional component. Social media is a poor source of information about gene therapy for SMA in Poland. The analyzed texts do not provide a full and complete description of the SMA problem. However, it is important to remember that the Internet is a changing source of information and will hopefully contain more relevant entries in the future.

Background: Iron deficiency is one of the most common nutritional deficiencies in athletes and is particularly prevalent in endurance disciplines. Even without anemia, reduced iron availability may impair aerobic performance, increase fatigue, and affect training adaptation. Objective: This scoping review aimed to evaluate the impact of iron deficiency, with or without anemia, on athletic performance and fatigue in endurance athletes. Methods: A literature search was conducted in PubMed and Google Scholar. Peer-reviewed studies published in English between 2000 and 2026 were included. Eligible studies assessed iron status in endurance athletes in relation to performance, fatigue, or exercise-induced changes in iron metabolism. Studies involving non-athletic populations, children or adolescents, animal models, and case reports were excluded. Results: Iron deficiency was consistently reported as highly prevalent among endurance athletes, particularly females. Athletes with depleted iron stores frequently demonstrated reduced aerobic capacity, lower VO₂peak, and increased fatigue, even in the absence of anemia. Exercise-induced elevations in hepcidin were commonly observed, especially during periods of intensified training, potentially limiting iron absorption and availability. Iron supplementation was associated with improvements in aerobic performance and fatigue in iron-deficient athletes, particularly when baseline ferritin levels were low. Conclusion: Iron deficiency is a clinically relevant condition in endurance athletes and may impair performance and increase fatigue even without anemia. Regular monitoring of iron status and individualized management strategies are essential to support health and performance in endurance sports.

Introduction & Aim: Sudden cardiac arrest remains a leading cause of mortality, with global survival rates remaining low. High-quality CPR characterized by adequate depth and minimal interruptions, is the cornerstone of survival. Manual CPR quality often declines due to rescuer fatigue and challenging environments. Mechanical chest compression devices (MCCDs) offer a potential solution to ensure consistent quality. This study aims to provide an overview of MCCDs available in the Polish Emergency Medical System, highlighting their advantages, limitations and applications, while evaluating their clinical effectiveness compared to manual CPR. Material and methods: The study consisted of a descriptive and comparative literature review, focusing on the technical data and clinical evidence (up to 2025) for the AutoPulse, LUCAS, and Corpuls CPR systems used in Poland. Data analysis included RCTS, cohort studies, systematic reviews, and meta-analyses evaluating MCCDs, utilizing PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar. Results: MCCDs ensure high-quality, uninterrupted compressions, particularly in challenging transport or specific scenarios, freeing up personnel for other tasks. Large-scale randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and recent meta-analyses demonstrate that MCCDs provide comparable survival outcomes to high-quality manual CPR, with survival rates ranging from 6.0% to 9.4%. However, MCCDs show a significant advantage in specialized scenarios - prolonged transport, catheterization labs, or as a bridge to advanced therapies like eCPR and extracorporeal life support. Conclusions: MCCDs are reliable alternatives for specific clinical situations. Although they involve higher costs and different injury patterns, the benefits of maintaining consistent CPR quality in conditions where manual compressions fail are measurable. Current guidelines recommend their use as a viable alternative in specific, difficult circumstances, rather than as a routine replacement for manual CPR.

Background. Hashimoto’s thyroiditis (HT) is the most common cause of hypothyroidism worldwide and requires lifelong management. Due to the chronic nature of the disease and persistent symptoms despite biochemical euthyroidism, patients frequently seek online advice on dietary restrictions, supplementation, and pharmacotherapy. Large Language Models (LLMs) such as ChatGPT are increasingly used as sources of patient education; however, their consistency with established clinical guidelines, particularly those relevant to European and Polish populations, remains insufficiently evaluated. Aim. This study aimed to conduct a comprehensive cross-sectional analysis of the accuracy, safety, and concordance of ChatGPT-4o responses with international clinical guidelines and clinical practice across four domains: diet/lifestyle, pharmacotherapy, supplementation, and common myths/safety. Materials and Methods., Thirty-five standardized patient prompts reflecting real-world clinical questions were analyzed. Responses generated by ChatGPT-4o (January 2026) were assessed using a 3-point concordance scale based on recommendations from the Polish Endocrine Society (PTE), European Thyroid Association (ETA), and relevant peer-reviewed literature. Results. Overall concordance with clinical guidelines was high (91.4%). The strongest performance was observed in pharmacotherapy-related questions and safety-critical scenarios, including pregnancy and drug interactions. Minor limitations concerned dosing nuances for certain supplements, where the AI occasionally adopted a more optimistic approach than conservative clinical recommendations. Conclusions. ChatGPT shows high potential as a supportive educational tool for patients with hypothyroidism, providing guidance largely consistent with Evidence-Based Medicine and current PTE/ETA standards. However, due to limited nuance in “grey area” topics, it should complement rather than replace professional endocrinological consultation.

Background: kidney thyroidization is a histological pattern - atrophic renal tubules filled with eosinophilic, colloid-like casts resembling thyroid follicles. Regarded as a nonspecific marker of chronicity in renal disease, yet its biological significance, clinical correlations, and prognostic value remain poorly defined. Aim: to synthesize the existing literature on renal thyroidization. Material and methods: a scoping review of the available literature describing thyroidization of the kidney in human renal pathology was done. 2 databases were screened - PubMed & Scopus. Eligible sources included original studies, case series, case reports, and reviews addressing histological features, mechanisms & clinical contexts of thyroidization. Support information extracted from relevant textbooks recognized as authoritative on the renal pathology field. Results: the literature associates thyroidization with chronic tubulointerstitial damage, mostly in chronic kidney disease of diverse etiologies. The pattern reflects tubular atrophy with proteinaceous casts, interstitial fibrosis and chronic inflammation. Clinical correlations are rarely assessed; the presence of thyroidization is usually interpreted as a marker of long-standing injury. Reports suggesting links with disease duration, recurrent infection, or poor renal outcome remain largely descriptive. Conclusions: thyroidization of the kidney is a reproducible and distinctive histological pattern that functions primarily as a morphological signpost of chronicity. Its potential value as a semi-quantitative marker of disease duration, prior injury burden, or prognosis has not been studied. Future work integrating digital pathology, quantitative morphometry, and clinicopathological correlation may clarify whether thyroidization carries information beyond that conveyed by established chronicity indices.

Background:Mental health disorders are increasingly recognized among athletes and may affect performance, well-being, and career longevity. Pharmacological treatment is often required; however, the use of psychotropic medications in athletes raises specific clinical concerns related to safety, performance, and adverse effects, as well as legal issues associated with anti-doping regulations. Aim:The aim of this narrative review was to summarize evidence on the clinical safety, performance-related effects, and legal implications of psychotropic medication use in athletes, with emphasis on anti-doping regulations. Materials and Methods:A narrative review of the scientific literature was conducted using publications from PubMed, clinical guidelines, and official documents from the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA). Original studies, systematic reviews, meta-analyses, clinical guidelines, and regulatory documents addressing psychotropic medication use in athletic populations were included. Articles focusing exclusively on non-athletic populations without relevance to physical performance or regulatory aspects were excluded. Results:Available evidence indicates that selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), bupropion, atomoxetine, and melatonin are among the most frequently preferred pharmacological options in athletes suffering from mental health disorders such as depression, ADHD and insomnia due to their favorable safety profiles and limited impact on physical and cognitive performance. Stimulant medications, although recommended as first-line therapy for ADHD in the general population, require careful consideration in athletes because of regulatory restrictions and the need for Therapeutic Use Exemptions (TUEs). Available evidence on antipsychotic use in athletes is limited. Importantly, untreated mental health conditions were associated with poorer functional outcomes than those observed with appropriately monitored pharmacotherapy.