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Increasing global population and climate change uncertainties have compelled increased photosynthetic efficiency and yields to ensure food security over the coming decades. Potentially, genetic manipulation and minimization of carbon or energy losses can be ideal to boost photosynthetic efficiency or crop productivity. Despite significant efforts, limited success has been achieved. There is a need for thorough improvement in key photosynthetic limiting factors, such as stomatal conductance, mesophyll conductance, biochemical capacity combined with Rubisco, the Calvin–Benson cycle, thylakoid membrane electron transport, nonphotochemical quenching, and carbon metabolism or fixation pathways. In addition, the mechanistic basis for the enhancement in photosynthetic adaptation to environmental variables such as light intensity, temperature and elevated CO2 requires further investigation. This review sheds light on strategies to improve plant photosynthesis by targeting these intrinsic photosynthetic limitations and external environmental factors.
Sajad Hussain; Zaid Ulhassan; Marian Brestic; Marek Zivcak; Weijun Zhou; Suleyman I. Allakhverdiev; Xinghong Yang; Muhammad Ehsan Safdar; Wenyu Yang; Weiguo Liu. Photosynthesis research under climate change. Photosynthesis Research 2021, 1 -15.
AMA StyleSajad Hussain, Zaid Ulhassan, Marian Brestic, Marek Zivcak, Weijun Zhou, Suleyman I. Allakhverdiev, Xinghong Yang, Muhammad Ehsan Safdar, Wenyu Yang, Weiguo Liu. Photosynthesis research under climate change. Photosynthesis Research. 2021; ():1-15.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSajad Hussain; Zaid Ulhassan; Marian Brestic; Marek Zivcak; Weijun Zhou; Suleyman I. Allakhverdiev; Xinghong Yang; Muhammad Ehsan Safdar; Wenyu Yang; Weiguo Liu. 2021. "Photosynthesis research under climate change." Photosynthesis Research , no. : 1-15.
Shade is the main growth and yield limiting factor for soybean seedlings in maize-soybean relay strip intercropping. Therefore, a field experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of titanium (Ti) foliar application on soybean under a maize-soybean relay strip intercropping system. In this study, the soybean plants were sprayed with Ti treatments (T0S = 0, T1S = 125, T2S = 250, T3S = 500 and T4S = 1000 mg L−1) under maize-soybean relay strip intercropping. The results have indicated that under intercropping environment, Ti application significantly affected the growth of the plants. The soybean plants supplied with Ti treatment (T1S) significantly improved soybean diameter and stem strength at both V5 and R5 stages. Ti application resulted in a significant increase in SPAD values in T1S (i.e. 31.69 % and 21.21 %) and T2S (i.e. 21.55 % and 22.19 %) in comparison to control at both V5 and R5 stage, respectively. Furthermore, foliar application of Ti (T1S) significantly increased photosynthetic rate by 33.15 % and 22.80 % at both V5 and R5 stages. The stomatal conductance (Gs) increased significantly in T1S (44.39 %) and T2S (31.30 %) at the V5 stage and in T1S (29.85 %) at the R5 stage, respectively in comparison to control leading to increase root and shoot biomass in both V5 and R5 stages except for treatment T4S. Analysis of stem anatomical structure, stem strength (lodging resistance), and phosphorus content revealed that foliar application of Ti not only improved the shade tolerance but also increased yield (16–17 %) of soybean under maize-soybean relay strip intercropping. Conclusively, foliar application of Ti could be helpful in mitigating the shade stress and increasing soybean yield under the strip intercropping system.
Sajad Hussain; Iram Shafiq; Muhammad Sohaib Chattha; Maryam Mumtaz; Marian Brestic; Anshu Rastogi; Guopeng Chen; Suleyman I. Allakhverdiev; Weiguo Liu; Wenyu Yang. Effect of Ti treatments on growth, photosynthesis, phosphorus uptake and yield of soybean (Glycine max L.) in maize-soybean relay strip intercropping. Environmental and Experimental Botany 2021, 187, 104476 .
AMA StyleSajad Hussain, Iram Shafiq, Muhammad Sohaib Chattha, Maryam Mumtaz, Marian Brestic, Anshu Rastogi, Guopeng Chen, Suleyman I. Allakhverdiev, Weiguo Liu, Wenyu Yang. Effect of Ti treatments on growth, photosynthesis, phosphorus uptake and yield of soybean (Glycine max L.) in maize-soybean relay strip intercropping. Environmental and Experimental Botany. 2021; 187 ():104476.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSajad Hussain; Iram Shafiq; Muhammad Sohaib Chattha; Maryam Mumtaz; Marian Brestic; Anshu Rastogi; Guopeng Chen; Suleyman I. Allakhverdiev; Weiguo Liu; Wenyu Yang. 2021. "Effect of Ti treatments on growth, photosynthesis, phosphorus uptake and yield of soybean (Glycine max L.) in maize-soybean relay strip intercropping." Environmental and Experimental Botany 187, no. : 104476.
Belowground and aboveground interactions are important in increasing yield and nutrient-use efficiency in intercropping. However, how the yield and P-use efficiency respond to shoot-root interactions in intercropping remains unknown. Maize in mono- and intercropping was grown under field conditions (regosol soil, initial Olsen-P 12.6 mg kg−1) with P supply of 0 and 35 kg P ha yr-1 (P0 and P35, respectively) for 3 years. Compared with monocropping, intercropping significantly increased grain yield (by 13.9 %) and plant P-use efficiency (45.1 %), which might be attributed to increasing light interception during the post-silking period. Both sufficient P supply (P35 treatment) and increased light interception delayed leaf senescence through minimizing the degradation of chlorophyll and remobilisation of P as well as increasing the expression of ZmSee2β gene that influences leaf longevity. Increased light interception associated with enhanced leaf longevity increased the duration of photosynthesis, which provided assimilates not only for achieving yield potential, but also for maintaining root growth. It is suggested that sucrose translocated to roots serves as a substrate for root growth and improves P uptake to satisfy the nutrient demand of expanding shoots. This work contributed to understanding of the resource-use efficiency in intercropping as regulated by shoot-root interactions.
Tao Zhou; Li Wang; Xin Sun; Xiaochun Wang; Tian Pu; Huan Yang; Zed Rengel; Weiguo Liu; Wenyu Yang. Improved post-silking light interception increases yield and P-use efficiency of maize in maize/soybean relay strip intercropping. Field Crops Research 2021, 262, 108054 .
AMA StyleTao Zhou, Li Wang, Xin Sun, Xiaochun Wang, Tian Pu, Huan Yang, Zed Rengel, Weiguo Liu, Wenyu Yang. Improved post-silking light interception increases yield and P-use efficiency of maize in maize/soybean relay strip intercropping. Field Crops Research. 2021; 262 ():108054.
Chicago/Turabian StyleTao Zhou; Li Wang; Xin Sun; Xiaochun Wang; Tian Pu; Huan Yang; Zed Rengel; Weiguo Liu; Wenyu Yang. 2021. "Improved post-silking light interception increases yield and P-use efficiency of maize in maize/soybean relay strip intercropping." Field Crops Research 262, no. : 108054.
An experiment was set up to investigate physiological responses of soybeans to silicon (Si) under normal light and shade conditions. Two soybean varieties, Nandou 12 (shade resistant), and Nan 032-4 (shade susceptible), were tested. Our results revealed that under shading, the net assimilation rate and the plant growth were significantly reduced. However, foliar application of Si under normal light and shading significantly improved the net photosynthetic rate (Pn), stomatal conductance (Gs), transpiration rate (Tr), and decreased intercellular carbon dioxide concentration (Ci). The net photosynthetic rate of Nandou 12 under normal light and shading increased by 46.4% and 33.3% respectively with Si treatment (200 mg kg-1) compared to controls. Si application also enhanced chlorophyll content, soluble sugars, fresh weight, root length, root surface area, root volume, root-shoot ratio, and root dry weight under both conditions. Si application significantly increased the accumulation of some carbohydrates such as soluble sugar and sucrose in stems and leaves ensuring better stem strength under both conditions. Si application significantly increased the yield by increasing the number of effective pods per plant, the number of beans per plant and the weight of beans per plant. After Si treatment, the yield increased 24.5% under mono-cropping, and 17.41% under intercropping. Thus, Si is very effective in alleviating the stress effects of shading in intercropped soybeans by increasing the photosynthetic efficiency and lodging resistance.
Sajad Hussain; Maryam Mumtaz; Sumaira Manzoor; Li Shuxian; Irshan Ahmed; Milan Skalicky; Marian Brestic; Anshu Rastogi; Zaid Ulhassan; Iram Shafiq; Suleyman I. Allakhverdiev; Haris Khurshid; Wenyu Yang; Weiguo Liu. Foliar application of silicon improves growth of soybean by enhancing carbon metabolism under shading conditions. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry 2020, 159, 43 -52.
AMA StyleSajad Hussain, Maryam Mumtaz, Sumaira Manzoor, Li Shuxian, Irshan Ahmed, Milan Skalicky, Marian Brestic, Anshu Rastogi, Zaid Ulhassan, Iram Shafiq, Suleyman I. Allakhverdiev, Haris Khurshid, Wenyu Yang, Weiguo Liu. Foliar application of silicon improves growth of soybean by enhancing carbon metabolism under shading conditions. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry. 2020; 159 ():43-52.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSajad Hussain; Maryam Mumtaz; Sumaira Manzoor; Li Shuxian; Irshan Ahmed; Milan Skalicky; Marian Brestic; Anshu Rastogi; Zaid Ulhassan; Iram Shafiq; Suleyman I. Allakhverdiev; Haris Khurshid; Wenyu Yang; Weiguo Liu. 2020. "Foliar application of silicon improves growth of soybean by enhancing carbon metabolism under shading conditions." Plant Physiology and Biochemistry 159, no. : 43-52.
Lodging is one of the most chronic restraints of the maize-soybean intercropping system, which causes a serious threat to agriculture development and sustainability. In the maize-soybean intercropping system, shade is a major causative agent that is triggered by the higher stem length of a maize plant. Many morphological and anatomical characteristics are involved in the lodging phenomenon, along with the chemical configuration of the stem. Due to maize shading, soybean stem evolves the shade avoidance response and resulting in the stem elongation that leads to severe lodging stress. However, the major agro-techniques that are required to explore the lodging stress in the maize-soybean intercropping system for sustainable agriculture have not been precisely elucidated yet. Therefore, the present review is tempted to compare the conceptual insights with preceding published researches and proposed the important techniques which could be applied to overcome the devastating effects of lodging. We further explored that, lodging stress management is dependent on multiple approaches such as agronomical, chemical and genetics which could be helpful to reduce the lodging threats in the maize-soybean intercropping system. Nonetheless, many queries needed to explicate the complex phenomenon of lodging. Henceforth, the agronomists, physiologists, molecular actors and breeders require further exploration to fix this challenging problem.
Ali Raza; Muhammad Ahsan Asghar; Bushra Ahmad; Cheng Bin; M. Iftikhar Hussain; Wang Li; Tauseef Iqbal; Muhammad Yaseen; Iram Shafiq; Zhang Yi; Irshan Ahmad; Wenyu Yang; Liu Weiguo. Agro-Techniques for Lodging Stress Management in Maize-Soybean Intercropping System—A Review. Plants 2020, 9, 1592 .
AMA StyleAli Raza, Muhammad Ahsan Asghar, Bushra Ahmad, Cheng Bin, M. Iftikhar Hussain, Wang Li, Tauseef Iqbal, Muhammad Yaseen, Iram Shafiq, Zhang Yi, Irshan Ahmad, Wenyu Yang, Liu Weiguo. Agro-Techniques for Lodging Stress Management in Maize-Soybean Intercropping System—A Review. Plants. 2020; 9 (11):1592.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAli Raza; Muhammad Ahsan Asghar; Bushra Ahmad; Cheng Bin; M. Iftikhar Hussain; Wang Li; Tauseef Iqbal; Muhammad Yaseen; Iram Shafiq; Zhang Yi; Irshan Ahmad; Wenyu Yang; Liu Weiguo. 2020. "Agro-Techniques for Lodging Stress Management in Maize-Soybean Intercropping System—A Review." Plants 9, no. 11: 1592.
The impact of increased shading stress on agronomic traits, photosynthetic performance and antioxidants activities in leaves of two soybeans cultivars (D16 and E93) was studied. Soybean seedlings were grown in pots and exposed to no shade (S0), slight shade (S1), moderate shade (S2), and heavy shade (S3). Our findings showed that under the S3 in both cultivars, leaf fresh weight (LFW), specific leaf area (SLA) and leaf thickness decreased significantly, accompanied by a reduction in photochemical parameters including the maximum quantum yield (Fv/Fm) and electron transport rate (ETR). Furthermore, compared to S0, S1 significantly increased the ETR, sucrose content and the activity of catalase (CAT) in both D16 and E93 cultivars while S2 and S3 decreased the activity. However, under all treatments of shading stress, the antioxidant activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxidase (POD) were lowered in both cultivars. Such morphological and physiological plasticity to adapt S1 compensates for the decrease in biomass and leads to seed weight compared to that obtained with an amount of normal light. Through configuring the space in the intercropping systems, S1 could be helpful for optimum growth and yield. Redesigning photosynthesis through S1 for the intercropping systems could be a smart approach.
Bing-Xiao Wen; Sajad Hussain; Jia-Yue Yang; Shan Wang; Yi Zhang; Si-Si Qin; Mei Xu; Wen-Yu Yang; Wei-Guo Liu. Rejuvenating soybean (Glycine max L.) growth and development through slight shading stress. Journal of Integrative Agriculture 2020, 19, 2439 -2450.
AMA StyleBing-Xiao Wen, Sajad Hussain, Jia-Yue Yang, Shan Wang, Yi Zhang, Si-Si Qin, Mei Xu, Wen-Yu Yang, Wei-Guo Liu. Rejuvenating soybean (Glycine max L.) growth and development through slight shading stress. Journal of Integrative Agriculture. 2020; 19 (10):2439-2450.
Chicago/Turabian StyleBing-Xiao Wen; Sajad Hussain; Jia-Yue Yang; Shan Wang; Yi Zhang; Si-Si Qin; Mei Xu; Wen-Yu Yang; Wei-Guo Liu. 2020. "Rejuvenating soybean (Glycine max L.) growth and development through slight shading stress." Journal of Integrative Agriculture 19, no. 10: 2439-2450.
The shading of maize and self-shading are the key factors affecting the stem lignin biosynthesis and lodging resistance of soybean at middle and later growth stages in the strip intercropping system. A study was designed to explore the regulation mechanism of lignin metabolism and different planting densities; PD1, PD2, and PD3 were used having a total number of 17 plants m−2, 20 plants m−2, and 25 plants m−2, respectively, on the lodging resistance of strip intercropped soybean stem. Our results depicted that the lower planting density (PD1) appropriately promoted the leaf photosynthesis activities (Pn), increase the activity of lignin-related enzymes and the accumulation of carbohydrates in stems, and eventually enhanced the lodging resistance of the strip intercropped soybean stem. Correlation analysis also showed that the lodging resistance index of soybean stem was significantly correlated with the available light for soybean canopy and Pn strip intercropped soybean stem characteristics and activities of enzymes related to lignin synthesis among the different planting densities. The findings of our research will be useful in future studies to understand the relationship between different light environment, planting densities, and lodging resistance of intercropped soybean and also guide the optimum planting density in maize–soybean intercropping system.
Bin Cheng; Ali Raza; Li Wang; Mei Xu; Junji Lu; Yang Gao; Sisi Qin; Yi Zhang; Irshan Ahmad; Tao Zhou; Bingxiao Wen; Wenyu Yang; Weiguo Liu. Effects of Multiple Planting Densities on Lignin Metabolism and Lodging Resistance of the Strip Intercropped Soybean Stem. Agronomy 2020, 10, 1177 .
AMA StyleBin Cheng, Ali Raza, Li Wang, Mei Xu, Junji Lu, Yang Gao, Sisi Qin, Yi Zhang, Irshan Ahmad, Tao Zhou, Bingxiao Wen, Wenyu Yang, Weiguo Liu. Effects of Multiple Planting Densities on Lignin Metabolism and Lodging Resistance of the Strip Intercropped Soybean Stem. Agronomy. 2020; 10 (8):1177.
Chicago/Turabian StyleBin Cheng; Ali Raza; Li Wang; Mei Xu; Junji Lu; Yang Gao; Sisi Qin; Yi Zhang; Irshan Ahmad; Tao Zhou; Bingxiao Wen; Wenyu Yang; Weiguo Liu. 2020. "Effects of Multiple Planting Densities on Lignin Metabolism and Lodging Resistance of the Strip Intercropped Soybean Stem." Agronomy 10, no. 8: 1177.
In order to improve soybean’s resistance to lodging, silicon (Si) solutions at concentrations of 0,100, 200,300 mg kg−1 were applied during the seedling stage. The Si accumulation in different parts of the plants, the photosynthetic parameters of leaves and chlorophyll content, the stem bending resistance, the expression of genes of lignin biosynthesis and associated enzyme activity and sap flow rates were measured at early and late growth stages. The potential mechanisms for how Si improve growth and shade tolerance, enhances lodging resistance and improves photosynthesis were analyzed to provide a theoretical basis for the use of Si amendments in agriculture. After application of Si at 200 mg kg−1, the net photosynthetic rate of soybeans increased by 46.4 % in the light and 33.3 % under shade. The application of Si increased chlorophyll content, and fresh weight of leaves, reduced leaf area and enhanced photosynthesis by increasing stomatal conductance. The activity of peroxidase (POD), 4-coumarate:CoA ligase (4CL), cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD) and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) increased during pre-and post-growth periods, whereas Si also increased lignin accumulation and inhibited lodging. We concluded that Si affects the composition of plant cell walls components, mostly by altering linkages of non-cellulosic polymers and lignin. The modifications of the cell wall network through Si application could be a useful strategy to reduce shading stress in intercropping.
Sajad Hussain; Li Shuxian; Maryam Mumtaz; Iram Shafiq; Nasir Iqbal; Marian Brestic; Muhammad Shoaib; Qin Sisi; Wang Li; Xu Mei; Chen Bing; Marek Zivcak; Anshu Rastogi; Milan Skalicky; Vaclav Hejnak; Liu Weiguo; Yang Wenyu. Foliar application of silicon improves stem strength under low light stress by regulating lignin biosynthesis genes in soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.). Journal of Hazardous Materials 2020, 401, 123256 .
AMA StyleSajad Hussain, Li Shuxian, Maryam Mumtaz, Iram Shafiq, Nasir Iqbal, Marian Brestic, Muhammad Shoaib, Qin Sisi, Wang Li, Xu Mei, Chen Bing, Marek Zivcak, Anshu Rastogi, Milan Skalicky, Vaclav Hejnak, Liu Weiguo, Yang Wenyu. Foliar application of silicon improves stem strength under low light stress by regulating lignin biosynthesis genes in soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.). Journal of Hazardous Materials. 2020; 401 ():123256.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSajad Hussain; Li Shuxian; Maryam Mumtaz; Iram Shafiq; Nasir Iqbal; Marian Brestic; Muhammad Shoaib; Qin Sisi; Wang Li; Xu Mei; Chen Bing; Marek Zivcak; Anshu Rastogi; Milan Skalicky; Vaclav Hejnak; Liu Weiguo; Yang Wenyu. 2020. "Foliar application of silicon improves stem strength under low light stress by regulating lignin biosynthesis genes in soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.)." Journal of Hazardous Materials 401, no. : 123256.
Intercropping is an intensive agricultural cropping system widely practiced for enhanced yield and nutrient acquisition advantages. A two-year maize–soybean intercropping (MSI) field study was performed in 2018 and 2019 to assess the effects of potassium (K) fertilizer application on biomass accumulation and distribution of essential nutrients in the various plant parts (root, green biomass and seed) of maize–soybean intercropping (MSI). Three different treatments of K fertilizer applications (T0: no potassium application; T1: maize 40, soybeans 30 and T2: maize 80, soybeans 60 kg ha−1) were designed with 2 rows of maize by wide, narrow row planting in row arrangements of 160 cm + 40 cm. Soybeans were grown in 2 wide rows at a width of 40 cm and a row spacing of 60 cm between the rows of maize and soybeans, while the sole maize (SM) and sole soybean (SS) were grown with 70-cm and 50-cm row spacing, respectively. The results of the two-year study confirmed that, as compared to T0, T2 significantly increased nitrogen, phosphate and potassium (NPK) accumulation in all maize parts by 27%, 16% and 20% grain, 23%, 22% and 14% green biomass and 30%, 17% and 15% root, respectively. In soybean treatments, T2 significantly increased NPK accumulation by 23%, 22% and 24% grain, 16%, 15% and 12% green biomass and 18%, 19% and 20% root, respectively. The increased accumulation of nutrients under T2 raised the overall biomass and its distribution to root, green biomass and grain in maize and soybeans by 11% and 18% and 16% and 19%, 20% and 12%, respectively, compared to T0. On average, after two years of experiments, the T2 intercropped maize and the soybeans showed 103% and 64% of the sole yield and attained the maximum LER of 1.66 and 1.68, respectively. Our results reveal that managing optimum K level application (80:60 kg ha−1) can accelerate biomass accumulation and distribution of other essential nutrients in the plant parts of intercropped maize and soybeans. Therefore, it is immensely important to concern potassium application levels in developing a sustainable maize–soybean intercropping systems for achieving higher productivity and land equivalent ratio (LER).
Aftab Ahmed; Samina Aftab; Sadam Hussain; Hafsa Nazir Cheema; Weigou Liu; Feng Yang; Wenyu Yang. Nutrient Accumulation and Distribution Assessment in Response to Potassium Application under Maize–Soybean Intercropping System. Agronomy 2020, 10, 725 .
AMA StyleAftab Ahmed, Samina Aftab, Sadam Hussain, Hafsa Nazir Cheema, Weigou Liu, Feng Yang, Wenyu Yang. Nutrient Accumulation and Distribution Assessment in Response to Potassium Application under Maize–Soybean Intercropping System. Agronomy. 2020; 10 (5):725.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAftab Ahmed; Samina Aftab; Sadam Hussain; Hafsa Nazir Cheema; Weigou Liu; Feng Yang; Wenyu Yang. 2020. "Nutrient Accumulation and Distribution Assessment in Response to Potassium Application under Maize–Soybean Intercropping System." Agronomy 10, no. 5: 725.
Shade is widespread in agricultural production and affects lignin biosynthesis and lodging resistance of crops. We explored the effects of shade intensity on lignin biosynthesis and lodging resistance at the physiological and molecular levels in two soybean cultivars (Nandou12 and E93) with different shade tolerance under four progressively severe shade treatments, S0–S3 (S0: no shade, S1: slight shade, S2: moderate shade, S3: heavy shade). Our results showed no significant difference in breaking strength of the two cultivars under S1 and S0 treatments, with no prominent decrease in the lodging resistance index. The activity of lignin biosynthesis rate-limiting enzymes phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), peroxidase and cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD), which were considerably related to the two lodging resistance indexes above, was not significantly decreased by slight shade, while 4-coumaric acid ligase (4CL) activity was increased. Most genes involved in lignin biosynthesis were not significantly down-regulated by slight shade (S1) compared to S0, while p-coumarate 3-hydroxylase (C3H), 4-coumaric acid ligase (4CL) and laccase (LAC) genes were upregulated. Under heavy shade (S3), enzyme activity and gene expression associated with lignin synthesis in both soybean cultivars were strongly inhibited; moreover, stem mechanical strength and lodging resistance were remarkably decreased compared with those under S0. These physiological and molecular changes suggested that applicable shade levels do not significantly affect the mechanical strength and lodging resistance of soybean stem. Exploiting the lodging resistance potential of existing soybean cultivars was an effective and efficient way to address yield reduction caused by lodging in intercropped soybeans.
Bingxiao Wen; Yi Zhang; Sajad Hussain; Shan Wang; Xiaowen Zhang; Jiayue Yang; Mei Xu; Sisi Qin; Wenyu Yang; Weiguo Liu. Slight Shading Stress at Seedling Stage Does not Reduce Lignin Biosynthesis or Affect Lodging Resistance of Soybean Stems. Agronomy 2020, 10, 544 .
AMA StyleBingxiao Wen, Yi Zhang, Sajad Hussain, Shan Wang, Xiaowen Zhang, Jiayue Yang, Mei Xu, Sisi Qin, Wenyu Yang, Weiguo Liu. Slight Shading Stress at Seedling Stage Does not Reduce Lignin Biosynthesis or Affect Lodging Resistance of Soybean Stems. Agronomy. 2020; 10 (4):544.
Chicago/Turabian StyleBingxiao Wen; Yi Zhang; Sajad Hussain; Shan Wang; Xiaowen Zhang; Jiayue Yang; Mei Xu; Sisi Qin; Wenyu Yang; Weiguo Liu. 2020. "Slight Shading Stress at Seedling Stage Does not Reduce Lignin Biosynthesis or Affect Lodging Resistance of Soybean Stems." Agronomy 10, no. 4: 544.
Background Shading includes low light intensity and varying quality. However, a low red/far-red (R/Fr) ratio of light is a signal that affects plant growth in intercropping and close- planting systems. Thus, the low R/Fr ratio uncoupling from shading conditions was assessed to identify the effect of light quality on photosynthesis and CO2 assimilation. Soybean plants were grown in a growth chamber with natural solar radiation under four treatments, that is, normal (N, sunlight), N + Fr, Low (L) + Fr, and L light. Results Low R/Fr ratio significantly increased the total biomass, leaf area, starch and sucrose contents, chlorophyll content, net photosynthetic rate, and quantum efficiency of the photosystem II compared with normal R/Fr ratio under the same light level (P < 0.05). Proteomic analysis of soybean leaves under different treatments was performed to quantify the changes in photosynthesis and CO2 assimilation in the chloroplast. Among the 7834 proteins quantified, 12 showed a > 1.3-fold change in abundance, of which 1 was related to porphyrin and chlorophyll metabolism, 2 were involved in photosystem I (PS I), 4 were associated with PS II, 3 proteins participated in photosynthetic electron transport, and 2 were involved in starch and sucrose metabolism. The dynamic change in these proteins indicates that photosynthesis and CO2 assimilation were maintained in the L treatment by up-regulating the component protein levels compared with those in N treatment. Although low R/Fr ratio increased the photosynthetic CO2 assimilation parameters, the differences in most protein expression levels in N + Fr and L + Fr treatments compared with those in N treatment were insignificant. Similar trends were found in gene expression through quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction excluding the gene expression of sucrose synthase possible because light environment is one of the factors affecting carbon assimilation. Conclusions Low R/Fr ratio (high Fr light) can increase the photosynthetic CO2 assimilation in the same light intensity by improving the photosynthetic efficiency of the photosystems.
Feng Yang; Qinlin Liu; Yajiao Cheng; Lingyang Feng; Xiaoling Wu; Yuanfang Fan; Muhammad Ali Raza; Xiaochun Wang; Taiwen Yong; Weiguo Liu; Jiang Liu; Junbo Du; Kai Shu; Wenyu Yang. Low red/far-red ratio as a signal promotes carbon assimilation of soybean seedlings by increasing the photosynthetic capacity. BMC Plant Biology 2020, 20, 1 -12.
AMA StyleFeng Yang, Qinlin Liu, Yajiao Cheng, Lingyang Feng, Xiaoling Wu, Yuanfang Fan, Muhammad Ali Raza, Xiaochun Wang, Taiwen Yong, Weiguo Liu, Jiang Liu, Junbo Du, Kai Shu, Wenyu Yang. Low red/far-red ratio as a signal promotes carbon assimilation of soybean seedlings by increasing the photosynthetic capacity. BMC Plant Biology. 2020; 20 (1):1-12.
Chicago/Turabian StyleFeng Yang; Qinlin Liu; Yajiao Cheng; Lingyang Feng; Xiaoling Wu; Yuanfang Fan; Muhammad Ali Raza; Xiaochun Wang; Taiwen Yong; Weiguo Liu; Jiang Liu; Junbo Du; Kai Shu; Wenyu Yang. 2020. "Low red/far-red ratio as a signal promotes carbon assimilation of soybean seedlings by increasing the photosynthetic capacity." BMC Plant Biology 20, no. 1: 1-12.
To the best of our knowledge, for the first time our research examines a role of secondary cell wall components in lodging resistance and their interaction with yield under intercropping.
Sajad Hussain; Ting Liu; Nasir Iqbal; Marian Brestic; Ting Pang; Maryam Mumtaz; Iram Shafiq; Shuxian Li; Li Wang; Yang Gao; Aaqil Khan; Irshan Ahmad; Suleyman Ifkhanoglu Allakhverdiev; Weiguo Liu; Wen-Yu Yang. Effects of lignin, cellulose, hemicellulose, sucrose and monosaccharide carbohydrates on soybean physical stem strength and yield in intercropping. Photochemical & Photobiological Sciences 2020, 19, 462 -472.
AMA StyleSajad Hussain, Ting Liu, Nasir Iqbal, Marian Brestic, Ting Pang, Maryam Mumtaz, Iram Shafiq, Shuxian Li, Li Wang, Yang Gao, Aaqil Khan, Irshan Ahmad, Suleyman Ifkhanoglu Allakhverdiev, Weiguo Liu, Wen-Yu Yang. Effects of lignin, cellulose, hemicellulose, sucrose and monosaccharide carbohydrates on soybean physical stem strength and yield in intercropping. Photochemical & Photobiological Sciences. 2020; 19 (4):462-472.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSajad Hussain; Ting Liu; Nasir Iqbal; Marian Brestic; Ting Pang; Maryam Mumtaz; Iram Shafiq; Shuxian Li; Li Wang; Yang Gao; Aaqil Khan; Irshan Ahmad; Suleyman Ifkhanoglu Allakhverdiev; Weiguo Liu; Wen-Yu Yang. 2020. "Effects of lignin, cellulose, hemicellulose, sucrose and monosaccharide carbohydrates on soybean physical stem strength and yield in intercropping." Photochemical & Photobiological Sciences 19, no. 4: 462-472.
In response to shading, plant leaves acclimate through a range of morphological, physiological and biochemical changes. Plants produce a myriad of structurally and functionally diverse metabolites that play many important roles in plant response to continually changing environmental conditions as well as abiotic and biotic stresses. To develop a clearer understanding of the effects of shade on soybeans at different growth stages, a comprehensive, three-year, stage-wise study was conducted. Leaf area, leaf thickness, stem diameter, chlorophyll contents, photosynthetic characteristics and other morphological and physiological features were measured along with biochemical assays for antioxidants such as superoxide dismutase, peroxidase and caralase and yield attributes of different soybean genotypes (Guixia 2, Nandou12, Nandong Kang-22, E61 and C103) under shading nets with 50% light transmittance. It was observed that early shading (VER1 and VER2) significantly decreased main stem length and main stem length/stem diameter. Later shading (R1R8 and R2R8) had significant effects on morphological characters such as branch number and pod height. In Nandou 12, the protein contents in plants shaded at R1R8, R2R8 and R5R8 were 9.20, 8.98 and 6.23% higher than in plants grown under normal light levels (CK), respectively, and the crude fat content was 9.31, 10.74 and 4.28% lower. The influence of shading in the later period on anatomy was greater than that in the earlier period. Shading reduced the light saturation point (LSP), the light compensation point (LCP) and the maximum photosynthetic rate (Pnmax), and increased the apparent quantum yield (AQ). Shading also increased the antioxidant enzyme activity in the plants, and this increase was greater with early shading than late. The variability in the chlorophyll (a + b) content and the chlorophyll a/b ratio in R2 stage plants was less than in R5 stage (VER5) plants. Similarly, the activity of antioxidant enzymes in R2 after returning the plants to normal light levels (VER2) was lower than in R5 after relighting (VER5). Compared with later shading, the early shading had a greater effect on the photosynthetic and related characteristics. The longer the shading time, the greater the adverse effects and the less able the plants’ were to recover. The data collected in this study contribute to an understanding of the physiological mechanisms underlying the early and late growth stage acclimation strategies in different soybean genotypes subjected to shade stress.
Sajad Hussain; Ting Pang; Nasir Iqbal; Iram Shafiq; Milan Skalicky; Marian Brestic; Muhammad E. Safdar; Maryam Mumtaz; Aftab Ahmad; Muhammad A. Asghar; Ali Raza; Suleyman I. Allakhverdiev; Yi Wang; Xiao C. Wang; Feng Yang; Taiwen Yong; Weiguo Liu; Wenyu Yang. Acclimation strategy and plasticity of different soybean genotypes in intercropping. Functional Plant Biology 2020, 47, 592 .
AMA StyleSajad Hussain, Ting Pang, Nasir Iqbal, Iram Shafiq, Milan Skalicky, Marian Brestic, Muhammad E. Safdar, Maryam Mumtaz, Aftab Ahmad, Muhammad A. Asghar, Ali Raza, Suleyman I. Allakhverdiev, Yi Wang, Xiao C. Wang, Feng Yang, Taiwen Yong, Weiguo Liu, Wenyu Yang. Acclimation strategy and plasticity of different soybean genotypes in intercropping. Functional Plant Biology. 2020; 47 (7):592.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSajad Hussain; Ting Pang; Nasir Iqbal; Iram Shafiq; Milan Skalicky; Marian Brestic; Muhammad E. Safdar; Maryam Mumtaz; Aftab Ahmad; Muhammad A. Asghar; Ali Raza; Suleyman I. Allakhverdiev; Yi Wang; Xiao C. Wang; Feng Yang; Taiwen Yong; Weiguo Liu; Wenyu Yang. 2020. "Acclimation strategy and plasticity of different soybean genotypes in intercropping." Functional Plant Biology 47, no. 7: 592.
Soil with low phosphorus (P) availability and organic matter contents exists in large area of southwest of China, but some soybean genotypes still show well adaptations to this low yield farmland. However, to date, the underlying mechanisms of how soybean regulates soil P availability still remains unclear, like microbe-induced changes. The objective of the present study was to compare the differences of rhizosphere bacterial community composition between E311 and E109 in P-sufficiency (10.2 mg kg−1) and P-insufficiency (5.5 mg kg−1), respectively, which then feedback to soil P availability. In P-sufficiency, significant differences of the bacterial community composition were observed, with fast-growth bacterial phylum Proteobacteria, genus Dechloromonas, Pseudomonas, Massilia, and Propionibacterium that showed greater relative abundances in E311 compared to E109, while in P-insufficiency were not. A similar result was obtained that E311 and E109 were clustered together in P-insufficiency rather than in P-sufficiency by using principal component analysis and hierarchical clustering analysis. The quadratic relationships between bacterial diversity and soil P availability in rhizosphere were analyzed, confirming that bacterial diversity enhanced the soil P availability. Moreover, the high abundance of Pseudomonas and Massilia in the rhizosphere of E311 might increased the P availability. In the present study, the soybean E311 showed capability of shaping rhizosphere bacterial diversity, and subsequently, increasing soil P availability. This study provided a strategy for rhizosphere management through soybean genotype selection and breeding to increase P use efficiency, or upgrade middle or low yield farmland.
Tao Zhou; Li Wang; Yong-Li Du; Ting Liu; Shu-Xian Li; Yang Gao; Wei-Guo Liu; Wen-Yu Yang. Rhizosphere soil bacterial community composition in soybean genotypes and feedback to soil P availability. Journal of Integrative Agriculture 2019, 18, 2230 -2241.
AMA StyleTao Zhou, Li Wang, Yong-Li Du, Ting Liu, Shu-Xian Li, Yang Gao, Wei-Guo Liu, Wen-Yu Yang. Rhizosphere soil bacterial community composition in soybean genotypes and feedback to soil P availability. Journal of Integrative Agriculture. 2019; 18 (10):2230-2241.
Chicago/Turabian StyleTao Zhou; Li Wang; Yong-Li Du; Ting Liu; Shu-Xian Li; Yang Gao; Wei-Guo Liu; Wen-Yu Yang. 2019. "Rhizosphere soil bacterial community composition in soybean genotypes and feedback to soil P availability." Journal of Integrative Agriculture 18, no. 10: 2230-2241.
Soil phosphorus (P) availability, as well as shoot P status, may alter root morphology. However, how root morphological traits to light intensity under various P environments remains unknown. Maize (Zea mays L.) cultivar CD418 grew under nine P application rates (ranged from 0 to 300 mg P kg−1 soil, supplied as KH2PO4) under natural light intensity (NL) and low light intensity (LL, 40% of natural light intensity) in a naturally-lit rain-shed. Plant growth, P uptake, and responses of root morphological traits (i.e. total root length, root surface area, and proportion of <0.2 mm diameter fine root) in the light and P treatments were assessed after 36 d of growth (five-leaf stage). Shoot and root dry weights increased under the natural light intensity in all P treatments. The ratio of root to shoot dry weight increased under NL when the soil Olsen-P was below 15.9 mg kg−1. At relatively low soil P availability (6.7 to 15.9 mg kg−1), total root length, root surface area, and fine root percentage were enhanced with increases in light intensity from LL to NL. These effects diminished in soil with either severely low P (2.6 mg kg−1) or excess P (above 20.6 mg kg−1). Express of the low P-tolerance transcription factor ZmPTF1 (that influences root growth by regulating carbon metabolism in leaves and roots), P uptake, and fertilizer P use efficiency were higher under NL than LL, especially under low P conditions (Olsen-P 6.7–15.9 mg kg−1). Increased responses of root morphological traits to low P conditions were associated with relatively low P concentrations in the leaves and high sucrose concentrations in the roots. Compared to LL, under P deficiency and NL conditions, maize allocated more photosynthates to roots as sucrose, which acts as a low-P signal; in addition, sucrose as a carbon and energy source stimulated root growth and, consequently, adaptation of maize to low P stress.
Tao Zhou; Li Wang; Xin Sun; Xiaochun Wang; Yinglong Chen; Zed Rengel; Weiguo Liu; Wenyu Yang. Light intensity influence maize adaptation to low P stress by altering root morphology. Plant and Soil 2019, 447, 183 -197.
AMA StyleTao Zhou, Li Wang, Xin Sun, Xiaochun Wang, Yinglong Chen, Zed Rengel, Weiguo Liu, Wenyu Yang. Light intensity influence maize adaptation to low P stress by altering root morphology. Plant and Soil. 2019; 447 (1-2):183-197.
Chicago/Turabian StyleTao Zhou; Li Wang; Xin Sun; Xiaochun Wang; Yinglong Chen; Zed Rengel; Weiguo Liu; Wenyu Yang. 2019. "Light intensity influence maize adaptation to low P stress by altering root morphology." Plant and Soil 447, no. 1-2: 183-197.
Belowground interspecific facilitation and complementarity contribute to the phosphorus (P) uptake advantages in the cereal-legume intercropping system. However, the root morphological and physiological plasticity and, subsequently, the P uptake capability response to light conditions in intercropping systems remain unclear. Soybean was grown under two levels of P application rates in sole and intercropping systems (maize/soybean relay strip intercropping) from 2016 to 2018 in Renshou, southwest of China. As a supplement to the field experiment, soybean was also grown in L-S (simulating the light conditions of sole cropping in the field: light first and then shading) and S-L (simulating the light conditions of intercropping in the field: shading first and then light) light conditions with two levels of P application in 2018 in a pot experiment. After maize harvest (approximately 3/4 of the soybean growth period), light capture in intercropping was higher than sole (ameliorated light conditions in intercropping system), which resulted in an advantage of P uptake in intercropped soybean. Both low P supply and more light capture increased the total root length and root APase activity. The genes GmEXPB2 (which is associated with root growth) and GmACP1 (which is associated with exudation of APase) were highly expressed in plants that captured more light under both P-sufficient and P-deficient conditions. Additionally, more light capture increased the production of lateral roots and the proportion of in the upper 15 cm soil layer roots at the reproductive stage in the field. Across the field and pot experiments, increased root morphological and physiological plasticity were associated with lower P concentrations in the leaves and greater allocation of photosynthates to roots as sucrose. It is suggested that ameliorated light conditions can regulate soybean root growth plasticity and, consequently, P uptake in maize/soybean relay strip intercropping systems, especially in the areas with low solar radiation.
Tao Zhou; Li Wang; Huan Yang; Yang Gao; Weiguo Liu; Wenyu Yang. Ameliorated light conditions increase the P uptake capability of soybean in a relay-strip intercropping system by altering root morphology and physiology in the areas with low solar radiation. Science of The Total Environment 2019, 688, 1069 -1080.
AMA StyleTao Zhou, Li Wang, Huan Yang, Yang Gao, Weiguo Liu, Wenyu Yang. Ameliorated light conditions increase the P uptake capability of soybean in a relay-strip intercropping system by altering root morphology and physiology in the areas with low solar radiation. Science of The Total Environment. 2019; 688 ():1069-1080.
Chicago/Turabian StyleTao Zhou; Li Wang; Huan Yang; Yang Gao; Weiguo Liu; Wenyu Yang. 2019. "Ameliorated light conditions increase the P uptake capability of soybean in a relay-strip intercropping system by altering root morphology and physiology in the areas with low solar radiation." Science of The Total Environment 688, no. : 1069-1080.
The Growth-regulating factor (GRF) family encodes plant-specific transcription factors which contain two conserved domains, QLQ and WRC. Members of this family play vital roles in plant development and stress response processes. Although GRFs have been identified in various plant species, we still know little about the GRF family in soybean (Glycine max). In the present study, 22 GmGRFs distributed on 14 chromosomes and one scaffold were identified by searching soybean genome database and were clustered into five subgroups according to their phylogenetic relationships. GmGRFs belonging to the same subgroup shared a similar motif composition and gene structure. Synteny analysis revealed that large-scale duplications played key roles in the expansion of the GmGRF family. Tissue-specific expression data showed that GmGRFs were strongly expressed in growing tissues, including the shoot apical meristems, developing seeds and flowers, indicating that GmGRFs play critical roles in plant growth and development. On the basis of expression analysis of GmGRFs under shade conditions, we found that all GmGRFs responded to shade stress. Most GmGRFs were down-regulated in soybean leaves after shade treatment. Taken together, this research systematically analyzed the characterization of the GmGRF family and its primary roles in soybean development and shade stress response. Further studies of the function of the GmGRFs in the growth, development and stress tolerance of soybean, especially under shade stress, will be valuable.
Feng Chen; Yingzeng Yang; Xiaofeng Luo; Wenguan Zhou; Yujia Dai; Chuan Zheng; Weiguo Liu; Wenyu Yang; Kai Shu. Genome-wide identification of GRF transcription factors in soybean and expression analysis of GmGRF family under shade stress. BMC Plant Biology 2019, 19, 269 .
AMA StyleFeng Chen, Yingzeng Yang, Xiaofeng Luo, Wenguan Zhou, Yujia Dai, Chuan Zheng, Weiguo Liu, Wenyu Yang, Kai Shu. Genome-wide identification of GRF transcription factors in soybean and expression analysis of GmGRF family under shade stress. BMC Plant Biology. 2019; 19 (1):269.
Chicago/Turabian StyleFeng Chen; Yingzeng Yang; Xiaofeng Luo; Wenguan Zhou; Yujia Dai; Chuan Zheng; Weiguo Liu; Wenyu Yang; Kai Shu. 2019. "Genome-wide identification of GRF transcription factors in soybean and expression analysis of GmGRF family under shade stress." BMC Plant Biology 19, no. 1: 269.
We selected four genotypes from the recombinant inbred lines based on their agronomic traits in terms of lodging resistance. Then, we investigated the morphological characteristics and stem carbohydrate accumulation of different soybean (Glycine max L.) genotypes under different light environments (normal light, low light and shading stress). Based upon metabolic accumulation of carbohydrates in the stem, we explored the reasons for the differences in stem strength of different soybean genotypes and expounded the relationship between accumulation and distribution of carbohydrates. Results of the present study showed that with the advancement of soybean growth period, the cellulose and lignin contents in soybean stem increased while the hemicellulose, sucrose and soluble sugars contents decreased. Compared with normal light conditions, the lignin, cellulose, soluble sugar and sucrose contents in the soybean plants under shading stress were reduced to different levels. Moreover, low light significantly reduced non-structural carbohydrate content in soybean stem while the lignin and cellulose contents were not significantly changed. The correlation analysis showed that there was a significant positive correlation among the stem snapping resistance, cellulose and lignin contents. The results showed that the stem strength was mainly determined by lignin and cellulose contents. The lignin content in the stem had a greater effect on the stem strength compared to cellulose. The xylose in soybean stem was also significantly reduced under the shading stress, which reduced lignin synthesis substrates. Under low light and shading stress, the minimum decrease in sucrose and structural carbohydrates content of a genotype (B23) was noticed indicating that B23 had high stem strength and increased decomposition of sucrose into cellulose synthesis. This trait of increased decomposition reduces the plant’s inefficient decomposition of sucrose thus most of the sucrose is used to synthesize cellulose. Conclusively, these results suggested that deposition of a relatively large amount of structural carbohydrates (e.g. lignin, cellulose, hemicellulose and monosaccharides) leads to thicker stem tissues which could be helpful to reduce lodging due to shading stress under multiple cropping systems.
Sajad Hussain; Nasir Iqbal; Tanzeelur Rahman; Ting Liu; Marian Brestic; Muhammad Ehsan Safdar; Muhammad Ahsan Asghar; Muhammad Umer Farooq; Iram Shafiq; Asif Ali; Muhammad Shoaib; Guopeng Chen; Sisi Qin; Weiguo Liu; Wenyu Yang. Shade effect on carbohydrates dynamics and stem strength of soybean genotypes. Environmental and Experimental Botany 2019, 162, 374 -382.
AMA StyleSajad Hussain, Nasir Iqbal, Tanzeelur Rahman, Ting Liu, Marian Brestic, Muhammad Ehsan Safdar, Muhammad Ahsan Asghar, Muhammad Umer Farooq, Iram Shafiq, Asif Ali, Muhammad Shoaib, Guopeng Chen, Sisi Qin, Weiguo Liu, Wenyu Yang. Shade effect on carbohydrates dynamics and stem strength of soybean genotypes. Environmental and Experimental Botany. 2019; 162 ():374-382.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSajad Hussain; Nasir Iqbal; Tanzeelur Rahman; Ting Liu; Marian Brestic; Muhammad Ehsan Safdar; Muhammad Ahsan Asghar; Muhammad Umer Farooq; Iram Shafiq; Asif Ali; Muhammad Shoaib; Guopeng Chen; Sisi Qin; Weiguo Liu; Wenyu Yang. 2019. "Shade effect on carbohydrates dynamics and stem strength of soybean genotypes." Environmental and Experimental Botany 162, no. : 374-382.
Shades caused by neighboring tall plants in intercropping systems and weak sunlight are constraints in yield optimization. Shade influences many aspects of plant growth and development, leading to weak stems and susceptibility to lodging. The plant cell wall is composed of certain proteins that allow the walls to stretch out, a process called cell wall loosening. Shade affects anatomical, morphological, and physiological traits of plants, thus reducing the physical strength of the stem in crops by changing the loosening of cell walls. Flexibility of cells facilitates further modifications such as wall loosening. In addition, shade stress causes increased internode length, and reduced xylem synthesis and photosynthesis. In shaded plants, lignin deposition in vascular bundles and sclerenchyma cells of stems is decreased. Lignin is a light sensitive phenolic compound and shading decreases the transcript abundance of several phenolic compound (flavone and lignin) related genes. Shading significantly influences the metabolic activities of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), peroxidase (POD), 4-coumarate: CoA ligase (4CL), and cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD) involved in lignin biosynthesis. Furthermore, suppression of lignin biosynthesis activities by abiotic stresses causes abnormal phenotypes such as collapsed xylem, bent stems, and growth retardation. In this review, the underlying mechanisms illustrate that under shading conditions reduced lignin content results in slender, weak, and unstable stems. The objective of this review is to elaborate lignin biosynthesis and its variability under stressful environmental conditions, especially in shade stress environments. The effects of shade on stem lignin metabolism are discussed on the morphogenetic, physiological, and proteomic levels.
Sajad Hussain; Nasir Iqbal; Ting Pang; Muhammad Naeem Khan; Wei-Guo Liu; Wen-Yu Yang. Weak stem under shade reveals the lignin reduction behavior. Journal of Integrative Agriculture 2019, 18, 496 -505.
AMA StyleSajad Hussain, Nasir Iqbal, Ting Pang, Muhammad Naeem Khan, Wei-Guo Liu, Wen-Yu Yang. Weak stem under shade reveals the lignin reduction behavior. Journal of Integrative Agriculture. 2019; 18 (3):496-505.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSajad Hussain; Nasir Iqbal; Ting Pang; Muhammad Naeem Khan; Wei-Guo Liu; Wen-Yu Yang. 2019. "Weak stem under shade reveals the lignin reduction behavior." Journal of Integrative Agriculture 18, no. 3: 496-505.
Titanium (Ti) is considered an essential element for plant growth; however, its role in crop performance through stimulating the activities of certain enzymes, enhancing chlorophyll content and photosynthesis, and improving crop morphology and growth requires more study. We therefore conducted a laboratory experiments to study the effects of ionic Ti application on morphology, growth, biomass distribution, chlorophyll fluorescence performance and Rubisco activity of soybean (Glycine max L.) under normal light (NL) and shade conditions (SC). In this study, we sprayed soybean plants with five different levels of ionic Ti (T1 = 0, T2 = 1.25, T3 = 2.5, T4 = 5 and T5 = 10 mg Ti Plant−1) through foliar application method. Our results show that with increasing moderate (2.5 mg Ti Plant−1) Ti concentration, the chlorophyll pigments (chlorophyll [Chl] a, b, carotenoid [Car]), plant biomass, photochemical efficiency of photosystem II (Fv/Fm), and electron transport rate (ETR) of soybean increased, but higher levels (5–10 mg Ti Plant−1), resulted in leaf anatomical and chloroplast structural disruptions under both NL and SC. Soybean plants showed maximum biomass, leaf area, leaf thickness, Chl a, b, Car, Rubisco activity, Fv/Fm and ETR for T3 at 2.5 mg Ti Plant−1; however, declined significantly for T5 at high concentration of 10 mg Plant−1. In NL, the application of 2.5 mg Ti Plant−1 (T3) increased the Chl a, b, and total Chl contents 40, 20, and 27% as compared to control treatment (T1). In SC, the application of 1.25 mg Ti mg Plant−1 (T2) increased the Chl a, b, and total Chl contents 38, 19, and 14% as compared to control treatment. In NL, the Fv/Fm, qP, PSII, and ETR were higher in the T3 treatment over the T1 (control) by 7, 0.3, 16, and 16%, respectively. In SC, the Fv/Fm, qP, PSII, and ETR were higher in the T3 treatment over the T1 (control) by 5, 5, 19, and 19%, respectively. Moreover, Rubisco activity was at peak (55 and 6% increase under NL and SC) at 2.5 mg Ti Plant−1and decreased with increasing Ti concentration, reaching the lowest at 10 mg Ti Plant−1, which indicates that leaf cells were damaged as observed in the leaf anatomy. We concluded that ionic Ti expresses a hormesis effect: at lower concentrations, promoting soybean growth, however, at higher concentrations, suppressing soybean growth both under NL and SC. We therefore suggest that under different light stress conditions, Ti application could serve to mitigate abiotic stresses, especially in intercropping systems.
Sajad Hussain; Nasir Iqbal; Marian Brestic; Muhammad Ali Raza; Ting Pang; Derald Ray Langham; Muhammad Ehsan Safdar; Shoaib Ahmed; Bingxiao Wen; Yang Gao; Weiguo Liu; Wenyu Yang. Changes in morphology, chlorophyll fluorescence performance and Rubisco activity of soybean in response to foliar application of ionic titanium under normal light and shade environment. Science of The Total Environment 2018, 658, 626 -637.
AMA StyleSajad Hussain, Nasir Iqbal, Marian Brestic, Muhammad Ali Raza, Ting Pang, Derald Ray Langham, Muhammad Ehsan Safdar, Shoaib Ahmed, Bingxiao Wen, Yang Gao, Weiguo Liu, Wenyu Yang. Changes in morphology, chlorophyll fluorescence performance and Rubisco activity of soybean in response to foliar application of ionic titanium under normal light and shade environment. Science of The Total Environment. 2018; 658 ():626-637.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSajad Hussain; Nasir Iqbal; Marian Brestic; Muhammad Ali Raza; Ting Pang; Derald Ray Langham; Muhammad Ehsan Safdar; Shoaib Ahmed; Bingxiao Wen; Yang Gao; Weiguo Liu; Wenyu Yang. 2018. "Changes in morphology, chlorophyll fluorescence performance and Rubisco activity of soybean in response to foliar application of ionic titanium under normal light and shade environment." Science of The Total Environment 658, no. : 626-637.