A compelling body of evidence links pesticide exposure to human diseases. The liver plays a central role in the detoxification of pesticides, suggesting intense pesticide–liver cell interactions. A growing body of studies highlighted in this review supports the contribution of pesticides of various chemical classes to the development of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), alcohol-associated liver disease (ALD), liver cirrhosis, viral hepatitis, hepatocellular carcinoma, etc., via disrupting lipid and carbohydrate metabolism and redox homeostasis, promoting endoplasmic reticulum stress and mitochondrial dysfunction, as well as stimulating apoptosis, fibrosis, and inflammation. In this review, we systematically illustrated an underappreciated mechanism of pesticide-induced overall and hepatic toxicity, i.e., the ability to induce non-apoptotic regulated cell death (RCD) pathways such as ferroptosis, necroptosis, and pyroptosis. Our analysis indicates that pesticides are implicated in driving liver diseases by inducing ferroptosis, necroptosis, and pyroptosis. Non-apoptotic RCDs mediate pesticide-induced liver steatosis and fibrosis. Furthermore, these cell death modalities fuel inflammation through the promotion of pro-inflammatory cytokine production and the generation of damage-associated molecular patterns. Understanding of deeper mechanisms of pesticide-induced effects on the non-apoptotic cell death machinery and subsequent immunogenic effects in liver pathology might help develop novel preventive strategies to reduce liver damage.

Background: Echinococcosis, caused by the Echinococcus granulosus, primarily affects the liver and lungs and remains an important public health problem in endemic regions. Surgical treatment remains the main therapeutic approach. Objectives: We aimed to analyze nationwide trends and regional disparities in the treatment and surgical management of echinococcosis in Kazakhstan and to identify factors associated with emergency surgical care. Methods: A retrospective analysis of national healthcare records of treated echinococcosis cases in Kazakhstan from 2017 to 2024 was conducted. The dataset included information on age distribution, hospitalization characteristics, surgical interventions (elective and emergency), and regional patterns. Organ-specific stratification was available in the national database. Descriptive and comparative statistical analyses were performed to evaluate temporal and regional differences. Results: Between 2017 and 2024, the number of treated echinococcosis cases demonstrated a decreasing trend. Significant regional differences in surgical management were identified, with southern regions, particularly Turkistan, showing a higher proportion of emergency surgical interventions (p < 0.05). Forecasting analysis suggested a further decline in treated case numbers; however, widening 95% confidence intervals and the appearance of negative projected values in later years indicated substantial uncertainty and limitations of the predictive model. Conclusions: The decline in treated echinococcosis cases may reflect improvements in disease control, but may also be associated with underdiagnosis or reduced access to healthcare services. Marked regional disparities in emergency surgical care highlight the need to strengthen surveillance systems and improve equitable access to timely diagnosis and treatment.