Background: The rapid development of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) technologies has created new opportunities for improving healthcare systems worldwide. In Kazakhstan, national digitalization initiatives have supported the introduction of electronic health records and medical information systems; however, the level of AI readiness, development, and real-world implementation in healthcare remains insufficiently explored. Objective: This study aimed to synthesize current evidence on the readiness, development, and implementation of AI and ML technologies in the healthcare sector of Kazakhstan. Methods: A scoping review was conducted following the Arksey and O’Malley methodological framework and reported according to the PRISMA-ScR guidelines. The protocol of this scoping review was registered on the Open Science Framework (OSF). Electronic searches were performed in PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar for studies published between 2020 and 2025. Inclusion criteria covered empirical studies, policy analyses, and mixed-methods research focusing on AI in Kazakhstan’s healthcare context. Data were extracted using a standardized template and synthesized across three domains: AI readiness, AI development, and AI implementation. Results: A total of ten studies were included in the final synthesis. Evidence of AI readiness was mainly reported at the educational, professional, regulatory, and system levels, with limited workforce preparedness, insufficient formal training, and gaps in data protection and ethical regulation. AI development was primarily concentrated on technical model creation, including deep learning for medical imaging and automated laboratory interpretation, but often lacked clinical validation. Real-world AI implementation was reported in a small number of clinical settings, particularly in rehabilitation and laboratory medicine, where AI tools were reported to improve workflow efficiency, diagnostic support, and documentation processes. Conclusions: The Kazakhstan AI/ML healthcare literature is emerging and heterogeneous. While technical development and foundational digital infrastructure are advancing, evidence of routine clinical implementation remains limited, and readiness gaps persist in training, governance, interoperability, and regulatory oversight. Future research should prioritize implementation-focused evaluations, clinical validation, and governance models to support safe adoption across healthcare settings. Clinical trial number: Not applicable.

Combined echinococcosis of the chest and abdominal cavity is one of the cause of morbidity and disability in the Republic of Kazakhstan (RK). Currently, a threatening situation has arisen in the countries of Central Asia due to the epidemiology of dangerous zoonosis - echinococcosis. There is a tendency for an increasing in the invasion of people by this helminth in Kazakhstan. In 2017, according to statistics, 217 cases of echinococcosis per 100,000 people was detected. Echinococcosis is one of the serious reasons for the increase in the number of surgeries. The purpose of this article is to analyze the clinical cases of combined echinococcosis of the chest and abdominal cavity received at the Department of Thoracic Surgery of the National Scientific Center for Surgery named after A.N. Syzganova since 1997 to 2009. Material and methods. We conducted a study of the surgical activity of the department, the distribution of patients with combined echinococcosis by factors of social status, contact with animals and place of residence, the nature of the combined lesion of echinococcosis of the organs of the chest and abdominal cavity, who received surgical treatment. Results and discussion. According to a study of 413 patients, were identified 534 cysts: single cysts: right (30 (5.6%)) and left (21 (4.0%)) lungs, both lungs (9 (1.7%)), subphrenic surface of the liver (40 (7.4%)); multiple cysts: right (84 (15.7%)) and left (51 (9.5%)) lung, both lungs (96 (17.9%)), liver (132 (24.7%)), liver and abdominal cavity (53 (9.9%)), mediastinum (14 (2.6%)), diaphragm and retroperitoneal space (4 (0.7%)). Simultaneous echinococcectomy of 2-3 organs was performed in 261 (63.3%) patients, phased echinococcectomy of several organs with an interval of 2 weeks to 6 months was performed in 152 (36.7%) patients. Postoperative complications were revealed in 35 (8.5%) patients who were associated with combined lesions of various organs, initially complicated forms of lesions, and late referral to a doctor after long unsuccessful treatment at the place of residence. In 17 (4%) patients with an empty echinococcal cyst, a postoperative pneumonia was observed, which was resolved conservatively. Complications in the form of exudative pleurisy were observed in 12 (2.9%) patients; pleural cavity punctures were performed for all. In 6 (1.4%) patients there was suppuration of the laparotomic postoperative wound. Conclusion. The endemicity of the zone, the high contagiousness of the par-asite, the wide age range of patients, the combined defeat with parasite of many organs and different cavities - all this indicates the relevance of this topic and require further discussion and improvement of diagnostic and therapeutic tactics. The necessary for a multidisciplinary approach, namely the inclusion of oncologists and TB specialists together with surgeons in the diagnostic algorithm, is fundamental to improving diagnostic results. The tactics of treatment of combined echinococcal lesions, in contrast to isolated ones, is based on the determining the sequence and stages depending on the location, size and presence of complications. Keywords. Thoracic surgery, combined echinococcosis, analysis.

Background: This study aims to examine the level of awareness, attitudes (including stigma and discrimination), and behaviors related to tuberculosis among the population of the Republic of Kazakhstan to identify priorities for raising awareness and reducing stigma. Methods: The study interviewed 2400 people from six regions of Kazakhstan using stratified random sampling based on gender and age. Respondents were chosen from cities and villages, including RK citizens over 18 who could answer questions. Additionally, 400 people with HIV, 200 drug users, 200 internal migrants, and 500 health workers were interviewed. Recruitment was done through profile organizations and the snowball method, with all participants giving informed consent. Results: The study showed different levels of knowledge about tuberculosis (TB) in Kazakhstan. Radiography was the most commonly known detection method (71–91%). Awareness of sputum testing was highest among drug users (84%) and HIV patients (77%), but lower among internal migrants (39%). Internal migrants had the most uncertainty about TB tests (17%). Stigmatizing views of TB patients existed, with 28–38% believing most people reject them. Among healthcare workers, only 38. 8% correctly identified the G-Xpert test for TB and rifampicin resistance, and over one-third misunderstood the Mantoux test’s purpose. Conclusions: The findings show a need for focused educational efforts to boost TB awareness and lessen stigma, especially among internal migrants and the general public. Vulnerable groups, like PLHIV and PWUD, have higher awareness but still encounter major barriers. Improving healthcare workers’ knowledge about TB diagnostics is also crucial. Specific communication strategies and policies are needed to improve TB detection, reduce social stigma, and improve healthcare access for at-risk groups in Kazakhstan.

Background: Echinococcosis is an infection caused by the Echinococcus Granulosus parasite, mainly affecting the liver and, less commonly, the lungs. Surgical intervention is the main treatment for Echinococcus Granulosus, with various approaches available depending on the cyst characteristics. This study provided a comprehensive assessment of age characteristics, hospitalization length, and regional differences in the surgical treatment of echinococcosis in Kazakhstan. Objectives: To conduct a comparative analysis of regional disparities in surgical management of pulmonary echinococcosis in Kazakhstan and identify organizational factors contributing to the burden of emergency surgeries. Methods: A brief description of the main methods or treatments applied. This can include any relevant preregistration or specimen information. Results: A short summary of the article’s main findings. Conclusions: A final summarizing comment of the main conclusions or interpretations. The abstract should be an objective representation of the article; it must not contain results which are not presented and substantiated in the main text and should not exaggerate the main conclusions. Clinical trial abstracts should include items that the CONSORT group has identified as essential.

Background: Echinococcosis, caused by the Echinococcus granulosus, primarily affects the liver and lungs and remains an important public health problem in endemic regions. Surgical treatment remains the main therapeutic approach. Objectives: We aimed to analyze nationwide trends and regional disparities in the treatment and surgical management of echinococcosis in Kazakhstan and to identify factors associated with emergency surgical care. Methods: A retrospective analysis of national healthcare records of treated echinococcosis cases in Kazakhstan from 2017 to 2024 was conducted. The dataset included information on age distribution, hospitalization characteristics, surgical interventions (elective and emergency), and regional patterns. Organ-specific stratification was available in the national database. Descriptive and comparative statistical analyses were performed to evaluate temporal and regional differences. Results: Between 2017 and 2024, the number of treated echinococcosis cases demonstrated a decreasing trend. Significant regional differences in surgical management were identified, with southern regions, particularly Turkistan, showing a higher proportion of emergency surgical interventions (p < 0.05). Forecasting analysis suggested a further decline in treated case numbers; however, widening 95% confidence intervals and the appearance of negative projected values in later years indicated substantial uncertainty and limitations of the predictive model. Conclusions: The decline in treated echinococcosis cases may reflect improvements in disease control, but may also be associated with underdiagnosis or reduced access to healthcare services. Marked regional disparities in emergency surgical care highlight the need to strengthen surveillance systems and improve equitable access to timely diagnosis and treatment.