Eryngium foetidum L., a biennial herb with diverse applications in food and traditional medicine, holds economic and pharmacological significance. Given its growing commercial interest, implementing biotechnological approaches like plant tissue culture is vital for sustainable propagation and metabolite production. In this study, we investigated the in vitro photoautotrophic potential of Eryngium foetidum, examining growth, chlorophyll a fluorescence, photosynthetic pigments, and anatomical features under sucrose concentrations (0 and 30 g L⁻¹) and gas exchange rate (14 and 25 μL L⁻¹ s⁻¹ CO₂). Acclimatization and survival rates of plants after ex vitro transfer were also assessed. Eryngium foetidum exhibited robust growth in both photoautotrophic and photomixotrophic conditions, with natural ventilation significantly enhancing plant development. Chlorophyll a fluorescence and photosynthetic performance were influenced by sucrose and gas exchange, highlighting the importance of these factors in plant micropropagation. Moreover, the species demonstrated remarkable plasticity during acclimatization, with high survival rates and rapid inflorescence development. The research provides valuable insights into optimizing in vitro cultivation conditions for Eryngium foetidum, emphasizing the potential for large-scale clonal propagation and exploring secondary metabolites. The observed phenotypic plasticity underscores the adaptability of the species to diverse environments. These biotechnological strategies open avenues for future studies, including the application of elicitors for enhanced secondary metabolite production.

P. peruviana is a species of agronomic and biotechnological interest; however, the relationship between in vitro regeneration and phenolic compound production remains poorly explored. This study evaluated the combined effects of thidiazuron (TDZ), explant type (cotyledon and hypocotyl), auxin type (naphthaleneacetic acid, NAA, or indole-3-butyric acid, IBA), and auxin concentration on shoot organogenesis, photosynthetic pigment content, and phenolic accumulation. An initial screening identified 4.54 µM TDZ as the optimal concentration for shoot induction. Subsequent experiments showed that morphogenic and physiological responses were strongly dependent on the interaction among explant type, auxin type, and auxin dose. Cotyledon explants consistently exhibited higher shoot regeneration, vigor, biomass accumulation, and photosynthetic pigment content than hypocotyl explants, which showed reduced physiological performance and a higher tendency for callus formation. NAA-based treatments primarily enhanced morphogenic traits, whereas IBA-based treatments were associated with increased photosynthetic pigment content and phenolic accumulation. Multivariate analysis integrating morphogenic, physiological, and biochemical variables identified cotyledon explants cultured with 0.5 µM IBA in the presence of 4.54 µM TDZ as the treatment achieving the most favorable balance between shoot regeneration, physiological stability, and controlled phenolic accumulation. These findings provide a robust basis for optimizing in vitro culture systems of P. peruviana that balance growth, physiological integrity, and secondary metabolism.