Objective: The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to investigate the effectiveness of telerehabilitation on improving balance and functional mobility in stroke survivors. Methods: Comprehensive searching was conducted from inception to May 2022. The inclusion criteria were studies evaluating the effectiveness of telerehabilitation in stroke survivors. Data regarding participants, intervention, outcome measures, and main results were extracted. PEDro scale and the Grading of Recommendations Assessment Development and Evaluation (GRADE) were used to assess the methodological quality and quality of evidence, respectively. Data Analysis: A total of fourteen articles )594 patients) were included. A meta-analysis using a random-effect model was performed on thirteen studies )530 patients). Standardized mean difference (SMD) with 95% confidence interval (CI) was calculated for balance and functional mobility. Results: PEDro scale revealed ten good-quality studies, three fair-quality studies, and one poor-quality study. According to the available evidence, telerehabilitation has a small effect size in improving both balance (SMD 0.33 [95% CI 0.03 to 0.63]; P =0.03; low quality of evidence) and functional mobility (SMD 0.27 [95% CI 0.02 to 0.52]; P =0.03; low quality of evidence). Conclusion: Telerehabilitation may improve balance and functional mobility in stroke survivors. However, it is evident that more high-quality research is required due to the existence of low to very low-quality evidence with limited confidence in the effect estimate. Registration: PROSPERO registration number (CRD42022306410).

Objective: the aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to evaluate the effectiveness of photobiomodulation therapy (PBM) on perineal pain and wound healing following episiotomy. Methods: Electronic databases were searched for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and non-RCTs investigating PBM after episiotomy. Risk of bias was assessed using RoB 2 for RCTs and ROBINS-I for non-RCTs. The certainty of evidence was evaluated using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) approach. Meta-analyses were performed using random-effects models. Results: Eight studies were included in the systematic review, and six studies were included in the meta-analysis. According to RoB 2, one trial was judged at low risk of bias, two trials raised some concerns, and three trials were at high risk of bias. ROBINS-I showed the serious risk of bias of two non-RCTs. GRADE for both pain and wound-healing outcomes was rated as very low. Meta-analysis of pain showed no significant difference between PBM and control groups (SMD = 0.04; 95% CI −0.60 to 0.68; p = 0.89), with considerable heterogeneity (I² = 91%). For wound-healing outcomes, meta-analysis showed no significant difference (MD = 0.94; 95% CI −0.69 to 2.56; p = 0.26), with substantial heterogeneity (I² = 94%). Conclusions: PBM therapy did not demonstrate a significant benefit for reducing perineal pain or improving wound healing after episiotomy compared with control interventions. Interpretation of these findings should be made cautiously due to small study numbers, substantial heterogeneity, and the inability to perform sensitivity or subgroup analyses, highlighting the need for high-quality RCT with standardized PBM protocols before clinical recommendations can be made.

Background: Injuries related to sports are very common among athletes; they result in functional impairments and require a long recovery duration. Rehabilitation programs have a potential role in facilitating return to sports. Several rehabilitation modalities, including balance training, strength training, and hop-based exercises, have been studied extensively, but their effectiveness remains debated. The objective of this analysis was to assess the effectiveness of different rehabilitation programs for common lower limb injuries (LLIs). Methods: This work analyzed the data from randomized controlled trials (RCTs) obtained from peer-reviewed journals. Eligible trials were those that reported rehabilitation interventions for LLIs and assessed functional performance, balance, and strength outcomes. The I² statistics were used to estimate the heterogeneity, whereas the random-effect tool was applied for the meta-analysis. Results: Balance training considerably improved Y-Balance Test (YBT) scores (p < 0.001), especially in posteromedial and posterolateral reach distances. Substantial improvements in performance were discovered based on Hop-based modality, where the subjects who underwent reconstruction experienced potential improvements in triple and single tests(p < 0.001). Neuromuscular control was enhanced through the implementation of strength interventions, with remarkable improvement in hip abduction and strength of external rotation (p < 0.001). The studies of balance training revealed a heterogeneity (I² = 95.6%), which suggested variability in adherence, duration, and intensity of the intervention. Conclusion: Rehabilitation programs for Common Sports Injuries resulted in the most effective functional recovery outcomes for lower limb sports injuries.