Maize is a critical crop for food, feed, and bioenergy worldwide. This study characterized the genetic diversity and population structure of 212 important inbred lines collected from the Southeast China breeding program using the Maize6H-60K single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) array. To investigate the genetic architecture of plant height (PH) and ear height (EH), genome-wide association analysis (GWAS) was performed on this population in 2021 and 2022. Cluster analysis and population genetic structure analysis grouped the 212 maize inbred lines into 10 distinct categories. GWAS identified significant associations for PH, EH, and the EH/PH ratio. A total of 40 significant SNP (p < 8.55359 × 10⁻⁷) were detected, including nine associated with PH, with phenotypic variation explained (PVE) ranging from 3.42% to 25.92%. Additionally, 16 SNP were linked to EH, with PVE ranging from 2.49% to 38.49%, and 15 SNP were associated with the EH/PH ratio, showing PVE between 3.43% and 16.83%. Five stable SNP, identified across two or more environments, were further analyzed. Three of these SNP loci are reported for the first time in this study: two loci associated with the PH, AX-108020973, and AX-108022922, as well as one new locus, AX-108096437, which was significantly associated with the EH/PH ratio. Additionally, two other significant SNP (AX-247241325 and AX-108097244) were located within a 2 Mb range of previously identified QTL and/or related SNP. Within the 200 kb confidence intervals of these five stable SNP loci, 76 functionally annotated genes were identified. Further functional analysis indicated that 14 of these genes may play a role in regulating plant morphology, which is primarily involved in hormone synthesis, microtubule development, root growth, and cell division regulation. For instance, the homologous genes GRMZM2G375249 and GRMZM2G076029 in maize correspond to OsPEX1 in rice, a protein similar to extension proteins that are implicated in lignin biosynthesis, plant growth promotion, and the negative regulation of root growth through gibberellin-mediated pathways. The candidate gene corresponding to AX-108097244 is GRMZM2G464754; previous studies have reported its involvement in regulating EH in maize. These findings enhance the understanding of QTL associated with maize plant-type traits and provide a foundation for cloning PH, EH-related genes. Therefore, the results also support the development of functional markers for target genes and the breeding of improved maize varieties.

Seed germination is the initial and critical stage of plant growth and development. This study conducted a genome-wide association study (GWAS) on seedling

UDP-glycosyltransferases (UGTs) are widely distributed enzymes in living organisms that catalyze the transfer of glycosyl groups from donor molecules to acceptor molecules’ glycoside ligands. These enzymes are pivotal for detoxifying and eliminating both endogenous and exogenous toxic substances in insects. In this study, bioinformatics methods were used to analyze the UGT gene superfamily in the fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda), resulting in the identification of 48 UGT genes located across 10 chromosomes, including 23 tandem duplication pairs. The predicted SfUGT proteins mainly exhibit α-helical secondary structures. Intron numbers varied significantly, with high diversity observed in amino acid sequences. Phylogenetic analysis grouped UGT genes from three insect species into three distinct subfamilies, revealing a closer evolutionary relationship between S. frugiperda and Spodoptera litura, supported by a greater number of orthologous genes. Expression profiling showed that SfUGT16 and SfUGT21 are highly expressed in the first and fourth larval instars, respectively; SfUGT16 is predominantly expressed in the Malpighian tubules and midgut, implying roles in digestion, metabolism, and detoxification. Meanwhile, SfUGT21, SfUGT30, and SfUGT48 exhibited elevated expression in the hemolymph, suggesting functions in metabolism and transport, whereas SfUGT40 showed high expression in both the midgut and hemolymph, indicating involvement in detoxification and metabolic processes. These findings provide a foundation for further exploration of the biological functions of the UGT gene family.

Salinization stress poses a major environmental factor that adversely affects maize (Zea mays L.) growth and development. Thus, identifying and utilizing alkaline tolerance-related genes in maize is crucial for enhancing resistance to alkaline stress. In this study, a genome-wide association study (GWAS) was conducted to analyze alkali tolerance in seedlings, focusing on biomass-related traits at the seedling stage across a panel of 212 maize inbred lines. The analysis found nine single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) loci significantly associated with alkali tolerance during the seedling stage. Within the confidence intervals of these loci, 57 genes with clear functional annotations were identified, among which eight were predicted to be involved in alkali tolerance based on functional annotation and homology analysis. qRT-PCR expression validation of selected candidate genes revealed that the relative expression level of GRMZM2G028089 was similar between in L99 and M-J244-3 lines. In contrast, the expression levels of GRMZM2G071196, GRMZM2G313162 and GRMZM5G883126 were higher in the L99 line compared to M-J244-3, suggesting their potential positive regulatory roles in the response to alkaline stress. These findings provide important theoretical support for the targeted breeding of alkali-resistant maize varieties.