Background: One of the main tools for investigating pulmonary disorders is computed tomography. Starting with a CT, analyses can be qualitative (e.g., direct interpretation of 2D slices, virtual bronchoscopy) or quantitative (e.g., fibrosis score). Qualitative analyses can be performed without segmentation, but quantitative analyses require lung segmentation. Methods: We present the concepts for a class of lung segmentation methods that use region-growing algorithms, the implementation and testing details, and the results obtained in our software platform. Accurate segmentation of lung regions from medical images is a crucial step in computer-aided diagnosis (CAD) systems for pulmonary diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), pneumonia, and lung cancer. Manual segmentation is time-consuming and subjective, while fully automated methods may fail under challenging imaging conditions. Results: This article presents a semi-automated lung segmentation approach, based on region-growing methods, that balances automation with user control. Conclusions: The proposed technique effectively delineates lung boundaries in computed tomography (CT), minimizing computational complexity and manual effort.

Background/Objectives: Inter-platform variability in beam characteristics and low-dose exposure may arise from differences in linear accelerator head design, multileaf collimator geometry, and dose calculation algorithms. This study aimed to evaluate system-level dosimetric differences between two widely used linear accelerator platforms under clinically commissioned conditions. Methods: A comparative dosimetric analysis was performed between Elekta Synergy and Varian TrueBeam linear accelerators. Beam data were acquired using a SunSCAN™ 3D water phantom, and patient-specific quality assurance was conducted with the Octavius^® 4D system. Treatment plans were generated for left-sided breast, prostate, and head and neck cases using clinically commissioned treatment planning systems. Beam flatness, symmetry, penumbra width, low-dose exposure, conformity, homogeneity, and organ-at-risk dose metrics were evaluated. Results: Platform-dependent differences were observed in penumbra behavior and out-of-field dose, primarily attributable to intrinsic linac head design and collimation characteristics. These differences propagated into clinical plans, with greater variability observed for breast and head and neck cases, while prostate plans showed higher consistency between platforms. Algorithm-dependent trends were noted for conformity and homogeneity indices; however, all plans met institutional clinical acceptance criteria during quality assurance. Stricter gamma evaluation criteria revealed systematic but limited inter-platform deviations. Conclusions: Elekta Synergy and Varian TrueBeam demonstrated clinically acceptable dosimetric performance, with modest platform-dependent differences. While target coverage and overall plan quality were comparable, these variations were primarily observed in peripheral dose regions and may be relevant for platform-specific planning optimization and quality assurance. This supports the importance of comprehensive commissioning and QA procedures in both mixed- and single-platform clinical settings, particularly for highly modulated techniques.

Background/Objectives: Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the lip occupies an ambiguous position between cutaneous and oral-cavity oncology and lacks dedicated radiotherapy guidelines, resulting in considerable practice variability. We systematically reviewed the reported radiotherapy practices, clinical outcomes and gaps in consensus at this site. Methods: Following PRISMA 2020 and prospectively registered in PROSPERO (CRD420261349994), we searched PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, the Cochrane Library (Trials) and ClinicalTrials.gov (20 March 2026). Studies of at least ten patients with lip SCC treated with external beam radiotherapy or brachytherapy were eligible. Risk of bias was assessed with ROBINS-I; the synthesis was narrative, following the Synthesis Without Meta-analysis (SWiM) reporting framework. Results: Nine studies (approximately 3904 patients; 1964–2021; six countries) met the criteria. Interstitial brachytherapy was the dominant modality (seven studies), with high local control (approximately 93–97% in modern actuarial series), favourable toxicity and good functional/aesthetic outcomes; external beam radiotherapy served mainly as adjuvant treatment. Doses, fractionation, nodal management and outcome reporting were markedly heterogeneous, and eight of nine studies were at serious risk of bias. Conclusions: Radiotherapy—in the identified literature, in effect, largely historical interstitial brachytherapy—appears to be an effective, organ-preserving option in early-stage lip SCC; no conclusions can be drawn for modern external beam techniques such as IMRT. The limited, brachytherapy-dominated evidence warrants cautious interpretation and justifies protocol standardisation, a core outcome set with validated quality-of-life instruments, and multi-institutional prospective registries.