The periodontium involves different tissues such as gingiva, periodontal ligament, cementum, and alveolar bone.

Ultra-low-temperature process treatments could raise tool steel wear resistance through microstructural change that occurs on the material, enhancing, that way, tools and dies lifetime. To investigate the tool steel wear resistance impact, micro-abrasive wear tests were carried out and an analysis based on the Archard's law was considered, evaluating specimen mass loss by laser interferometry. Micro-hardness, X-ray diffractometry, scanning and optical microscopy and carbides quantitative evaluation were carried out aiming to material characterisation. Results demonstrated a micro-hardness improvement, ranging from 0.9–4.7% for the cryogenically treated specimens, when compared to the bulk material. This effect is related, mainly, to the retained austenite transformation and to the increase of fine secondary carbides dispersed amount in the martensitic matrixes cryogenically treated.

Additive Manufacturing (Additive Manufacturing (AM), has progressed from a prototyping tool to a disruptive industrial technology, profoundly impacting sectors such as aerospace, automotive, and healthcare. This systematic review rigorously examines the current state-of-the-art in Design for Additive Manufacturing (DfAM), synthesizing its foundational principles, advanced computational strategies, and the overlooked structural discontinuity between design intent and final physical realization. Utilizing a structured search and selection process adhering to the PRISMA framework across major scientific databases, a total of 65 peer-reviewed studies published within the past decade were critically analyzed. The findings elucidate how DfAM fundamentally leverages the intrinsic design freedoms of AM, enabling the realization of intricate geometries, significant component lightweighting, and unprecedented mass customization. Concurrently, this review exposes the technical barriers that continue to impede widespread industrial scalability, notably material anisotropy, reproducibility issues, fragmented digital design workflows and precision metrology systems, such as CMM, 3D scanning and XCT. A key synthesis is provided on advances in topology optimization, lattice structure design, and the burgeoning integration of artificial intelligence and machine learning, with a specific emphasis on their practical implementation and industrial impact. Special consideration is given to sector-specific applications, particularly in biomedical engineering, where DfAM facilitates patient-tailored solutions but still confronts regulatory compliance and biocompatibility hurdles. Critically, this review maps evidence-based trends to expose the fragmented nature of the design-to-part continuum, providing a necessary, unified framework to guide subsequent research toward industrial maturity. This framework is designed to equip engineers, researchers, and practitioners for advancing DfAM practices, securing its evolution as a cornerstone of sustainable and innovative manufacturing within the industry eras.

Low temperature plasma carburizing treatment of austenitic stainless steels is a carbon surface diffusion process for a surface hardness and corrosion and wear resistance. The process is carried out by introducing a mixture of carbon-containing gases and through the use of low temperatures the resulting cemented layer usually contains a single phase of supersaturated austenite with carbon – S-phase. For the present investigation, austenitic stainless steels AISI 316L and 304 were plasma cemented for 8 hours in the gas mixture containing 7.5% CH4 in H2, with a pressure of 500 Pa, at temperatures of 375 ºC and 450 ºC. The phases formed were determined by X-ray diffraction. The corrosion resistance was evaluated through immersion tests over time and cyclic voltammetry. The results indicate that there was no formation of compounds (carbides) in the cemented layer for both steels at any of the temperatures and there was a corrosion resistance improvement.