This work is concerned with the use of the engine start module (ESM) ULTRA 31/900/24V ultracapacitor in specific hybrid systems consisting of a photovoltaic (PV) module, battery, and internal combustion engine (ICE). The test bench research on the ESM cooperating with the photovoltaic module to prevent its self-discharge has been tested, analyzed, and discussed. Moreover, the power distribution between electrochemical batteries and the ultracapacitor is shown. The potential application of the ultracapacitor connected with batteries for the start-up of an ICE engine is also presented. Furthermore, we analyze the possible application of the ultracapacitor plus battery system in heavy transport vehicles and buses. The main advantages and disadvantages of the system consisting of an ultracapacitor and a battery is presented along with the problem of self-discharge and the conditions of ultracapacitor and battery cooperation. This work also features the assumptions made for the conducted tests, selected accordingly for nominal current values of typical starter motors available on the market.

This paper presents main advantages of coupled battery/ultracapacitor system. Advantages were discussed on the basis of theoretical considerations and simulation results.

The article presents the use of the Texas Instruments LM5170EVM-BIDIR bidirectional DC/DC converter to control power distribution in a hybrid energy storage system based on a battery–ultracapacitor system. The paper describes typical topologies of connecting a battery with an ultracapacitor. The results of tests for calibration and identification of converter parameters are presented. The main innovation of the solution presented in this paper is the appropriate selection of the nominal voltage of the ultracapacitor so that the converter can be operated only in the constant current mode, in a cascade connection, excluding the low-efficiency constant voltage mode. This article demonstrated that such control allows for high efficiency and reduction of losses in the DC/DC converter, which is necessary in the case of mobile solutions. The amount of losses was determined depending on the control voltage in the operation modes of the converter: in the Step Up mode by increasing the voltage from 12 V to 24 V, from 12 V to 36 V, and from 12 V to 48 V and in the Step Down mode by decreasing the voltage from 48 V to 12 V, from 36 V to 12 V, and from 24 V to 12 V. For a calibrated converter in a semi-active topology, bench tests were carried out in a cycle with pulsating load. The tests were carried out using LiFePO4 cells with a voltage of 12 V and Maxwell ultracapacitors with a package voltage of 48 V. Power distribution in the range of 10% to 90% was achieved using the myRIO platform, which controlled the operation of the DC/DC converter based on an external current profile.

This article overviews Poland’s current electric vehicle infrastructure development. It discusses market segmentation and the analysis of charging standards, connectors, and types of charging. The paper focuses on Poland’s charging infrastructure, including costs and charging times for popular electric vehicle models in 2022. It highlights the challenges faced by charging operators and the barriers to infrastructure development. The article also presents the outlook for the electric vehicle market in Poland until 2025 and 2030. Furthermore, it examines private charger development, particularly in prosumer households with renewable energy sources. The implementation of smart charging and the potential for vehicle-to-grid technology in Poland are addressed. Lastly, a comparative analysis of incentives for electric vehicle users in Poland and Norway is discussed in the context of achieving 100% zero-emission vehicle sales by 31 December 2035, in Poland.

Battery modeling and simulation are most useful for designing storage unit for hybrid drives. The background of battery modeling is to determine electromotive force (EMF) in dynamic way (non-measurement) and internal resistance as the function of state of charge (SOQ). This paper presents how to use battery modeling for simulation in hybrid drives and select the proper operating range of battery SOC according to simulation results. The target of simulation is to compare the performance of different types of battery and to find optimal parameters (battery mass, capacity and voltage) of battery pack for hybrid drive system. The simulation is based on the target function of minimum energy consumption (fuel and electricity).

In this study, the concept of selecting the propulsion system parameters of an extended-range electric vehicle (EREV) powered from a supercapacitor (SC) pack and a range extender (REX) consisting of Internal Combustion Engine (ICE) and Electric Generator (G) was presented. The methodology of parameter selection was verified by computer simulation as well as by laboratory tests. On the basis of initial laboratory tests, parameters (capacitance as a function of the terminal voltage) of the supercapacitors pack were determined and subsequently used in the EREV simulation model. The tests were carried out for the Worldwide harmonized Light vehicles Test Cycle (WLTC), and the vehicle parameters were scaled to the capabilities of the laboratory stand. Research on EREV powered from supercapacitor pack allowed to conclude that it is possible to properly select the capacitance of SC pack and the power of the REX, so that the WLTC cycle can be realized. Thanks to EREV powered from SC it is possible to work at the point of the highest efficiency of ICE, which is associated with the least fuel consumption.