Cryptococcosis is a systemic mycosis that causes pneumonia and meningoencephalitis. Strongyloidiasis is a chronic gastrointestinal infection caused by parasites of the genus Strongyloides. Cryptococcosis and strongyloidiasis affect the lungs and are more prevalent in the same world regions, i.e., Africa and tropical countries such as Brazil. It is undeniable that those coincidences may lead to the occurrence of coinfections. However, there are no studies focused on the interaction between Cryptococcus spp. and Strongyloides spp. In this work, we aimed to investigate the interaction between Strongyloides venezuelensis (Sv) and Cryptococcus gattii (Cg) in a murine coinfection model. Murine macrophage exposure to Sv antigens reduced their ability to engulf Cg and produce reactive oxygen species, increasing the ability of fungal growth intracellularly. We then infected mice with both pathogens. Sv infection skewed the host’s response to fungal infection, increasing lethality in a murine coinfection model. In addition to increased NO levels and arginase activity, coinfected mice presented a classic Th2 anti-Sv response: eosinophilia, higher levels of alternate activated macrophages (M2), increased concentrations of CCL24 and IL-4, and lower levels of IL-1β. This milieu favored fungal growth in the lungs with prominent translocation to the brain, increasing the host’s tissue damage. In conclusion, our data shows that primary Sv infection promotes Th2 bias of the pulmonary response to Cg-infection and worsens its pathological outcomes.

The present report describes a case of conjoined twins of the cephalo-thoraco-omphalopagus deradelphous type in cats. A feline female was transferred to our veterinary hospital as an emergency for dystocic labor. The stillborn was subjected to radiographic evaluation, and a single skull and two complete distinct vertebral columns were found. Anatomopathological examination revealed that the twins presented the head, chest, and umbilicus as the main points of union and were classified as the cephalo-thoraco-omphalopagus type. In addition, the twins had unique and well-developed faces, which allowed them to be classified as deradelphous. This malformation is rare in domestic animals, and to the best of our knowledge, this type has not been reported in felines. Further studies are warranted on this embryonic alteration, primarily because its etiology remains unknown.

This report describes clinical, ultrasonographic and anatomopathological findings in a case of metastatic melanoma in an adult Saanen goat. Clinically, the goat had apathy, an intra-abdominal palpable firm structure, and exophytic keratinized areas on the skin of the udder. Ultrasound revealed non-encapsulated oval structures, with heterogeneous echogenicity and marked central and peripheral vascularization, and hypoechoic hepatic multifocal to coalescent areas. In the udder, there were non-encapsulated oval structures with heterogeneous echogenicity and hyperechoic center surrounded by hypoechogenic tissue. Grossly, there were black multifocal to coalescent areas in the liver, as well as black nodules in mammary and mesenteric lymph nodes, uterus, spleen, and myocardium. Microscopically, multifocal melanocytic neoplastic proliferation was observed in the dermis and junction of the udder epidermis. Most of the neoplastic cells had cytoplasmic granules of melanin. In the liver there were areas of neoplastic tissue compressing the adjacent parenchyma, with central foci of necrosis, mild desmoplasia, and multifocal infiltration of malignant cells into the adjacent tissues. Similar findings were observed in the mammary and mesenteric lymph nodes, uterus, spleen, and myocardium, which characterized metastatic melanoma. Ultrasonography played a key role for establishing the diagnosis of a metastatic melanoma and helped establish a proper clinical management protocol.

Anomalias de intersexo são relatadas em diversas espécies animais. Tal fato resulta de falhas durante o desenvolvimento embrionário e fetal, originando animais hermafroditas verdadeiros e pseudo-hermafroditas. Com este trabalho objetivou-se relatar um caso de pseudo- hermafroditismo masculino em caprino ocorrido no município de Manaus – AM. Devido ao crescimento da pecuária no relacionada ao segmento correspondente a criação de caprinos, torna-se essencial para o sucesso da atividade que falhas no manejo reprodutivo sejam corrigidas haja visto que a ocorrência de intersexualidade em caprinos está relacionada principalmente ao caráter mocho dos animais ligados a fatores hereditários. O presente trabalho relata o caso de um caprino mocho, que apresentava- se ao exame clínico, morfologicamente como sendo do sexo feminino, com presença de estrutura vulvar anormal. Ao realizar o estudo anatômico, através da dissecação das estruturas, observou-se órgãos que se assemelhavam tanto aos femininos quanto aos masculinos, com presença de testículos intra-abdominal e órgão apresentando-se semelhante ao útero. Para a correta identificação destes órgãos efetuaram-se estudos histológicos, com a identificação correta e características de cada segmento analisado. De acordo com as estruturas encontradas foi possível diagnosticar o animal como tratando-se de um caso de pseudo-hermafroditismo masculino.

Background/Objectives: Trained innate immunity refers to the enhanced responsiveness of innate immune cells, particularly macrophages, following exposure to stimuli such as β-glucan or zymosan, enabling improved defense against unrelated pathogens. This phenomenon has been widely investigated to better understand host–pathogen interactions and to support the development of improved infection control strategies. This study evaluated whether these training stimuli could enhance the protective efficacy of attenuated or inactivated vaccine models against Brucella ovis and Listeria monocytogenes infection. Methods: Trained innate immunity was induced in vivo using β-glucan or zymosan, and seven days later mice were vaccinated with attenuated or gamma-irradiated formulations and subsequently challenged with B. ovis or L. monocytogenes. Vaccine-induced protection and immune responses were assessed through multiple experimental approaches. Results: β-glucan significantly reduced bacterial infection in vitro in bone-marrow-derived macrophages and in vivo in target organs compared with zymosan. Although β-glucan did not enhance the efficacy of the attenuated B. ovis ΔabcBA vaccine, it markedly reduced bacterial colonization in mice vaccinated with gamma-irradiated B. ovis. β-glucan also did not improve the efficacy of the gamma-irradiated L. monocytogenes vaccine; however, 50% of the trained and vaccinated mice showed no detectable bacterial recovery. Increasing the number of β-glucan doses negatively affected infection control, suggesting that overstimulation may impair trained immunity. Conclusion: Trained innate immunity enhances the protective effect of inactivated experimental vaccines against B. ovis and L. monocytogenes, while exerting a detrimental influence on the efficacy of a live attenuated B. ovis vaccine model.

In bovine clinical practice, published data on neoplasms remain infrequent in the Brazilian literature. Describing the particularities of each pathology is essential, as it provides a foundation for comparing the different types of tumours that occur in cattle. Thus, the objective of this study was to report a clinical case of sebaceous carcinoma in a bovine, representing the first documented case involving the vulvar region in cattle in Brazil. A three‐and‐a‐half‐year‐old female Gir crossbred cow presented with an extensive lesion on the ventral portion of the vulva. The lesion was ulcerated, reddish, firm in consistency, hyperaemic, and exhibited a serosanguineous discharge. Following initial management, a treatment protocol consisting of ceftiofur and flunixin meglumine was instituted, aiming to reduce inflammation and improve the characteristics of the lesion. After completion of the initial treatment, the lesion was surgically excised with a minimum margin of 5 cm around its entire perimeter. Complete healing of the surgical wound was observed 25 days post‐operation. Histopathological analysis of the excised tissue revealed features consistent with sebaceous adenocarcinoma. Sebaceous tumours represent a rare group of skin neoplasms, whose classification encompasses a spectrum of lesions ranging from benign to malignant, as well as other neoplasms exhibiting sebaceous differentiation.