This study aimed to determine the effects of spray dried plasma (SDP) on growth performance, carcass traits, tibia quality, and hemagglutination inhibition titers in broilers fed two nutritional strategies with high or low nutrient density. In the study, 816 one-day-old Ross 308 male broiler chickens were divided into a 2 × 2 factorial arrangements consisting of four treatment groups with 12 replicates (17 birds/replicate) based on diets with high nutrient density (HND) or low nutrient density (LND) from d 0 to 42 and receiving either control or 1% SDP diets during d 0 to 10. The results showed that feed intake (FI) and body weight gain (BWG) were increased (P < 0.05) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) was significantly reduced (P = 0.003) for broilers fed HND diets from d 0 to 42. The inclusion of SDP increased the BWG (P < 0.001), FI (P < 0.001), and FCR (P < 0.05) during d 0 to 10 of broiler life but not effect of SDP was observed for the whole 0–42 d period. Carcass yield increased with HND (P < 0.001) and dietary SDP (P = 0.002). However, HND feeding significantly decreased liver (P < 0.001), bursa of Fabricius (P = 0.002), abdominal fat (P < 0.001), proventriculus (P < 0.001) and gizzard weight (P < 0.001), but increased heart weight (P = 0.013), although spleen weight remained unaffected (P > 0.05) on d 42. Tibial bone morphometric and mechanical properties improved (P < 0.05) with SDP supplementation, and bone ash, Ca, and P remained unaffected (P > 0.05) on d 14. With the exception at d 28 (P = 0.037), the antibody titer to ND virus was similar among all treatment groups (P > 0.05) at d 0, 14, and 42. In conclusion, HND diets improve performance of broilers during the whole period and SDP supplementation during starter phase improve performance at this period, but also increased carcass yield, and tibial quality. Therefore, inclusion of SDP in the starter diet could be a beneficial nutritional strategy to improve the health and production of broilers provided feeding strategies using various nutrient densities.

This study aimed to investigate the influence of utilizing high levels of solvent extracted Camelina sativa meal (Camelina sativa (L.) Crantz, Arslanbey cultivar) in broilers. A total of 270 Ross 308 male chicks were randomly distributed into five groups. Solvent extracted Camelina sativa meal was used at the levels of 0, 10, 15, 20 and 25%. The trial lasted 42 days. Significant linear reduction was observed in live weight gain, feed consumption, feed efficiency, European Production Efficiency Factor, and carcass yield. The relative weight percentages of the heart, proventriculus, gizzard, and thyroid gland, as well as the heterophils/lymphocyte ratio, serum total cholesterol, albumin, IgA, and IgG levels increased linearly with the use of Camelina sativa meal in the diets. No significant changes were observed in free triiodothyronine (fT3) and free thyroxine (fT4) hormone levels and fT3/fT4 ratio in serum and the counts of E. coli and Lactobacillus in the cecum. Dietary Camelina sativa meal causes a significant reduction in villus height of the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum. It decreases the villus height/crypt depth ratio in jejunum and ileum and also the digestibility values of dry matter, crude protein, and energy. It is concluded that high levels (10, 15, 20, and 25%) of solvent extracted Camelina sativa meal were not suitable feedstuffs for broiler production.

Fermentation-based feed processing has been proposed as a nutritional approach to improve nutrient availability and metabolic efficiency in laying hens. However, information on its impact on production performance and egg quality remains limited. This meta-analysis statistically assessed the impact of fermented feed supplementation on the production performance and egg quality parameters of laying hens while investigating potential sources of heterogeneity across studies. A comprehensive literature search was performed in PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science using the PRISMA 2020 guidelines. The inclusion criteria were randomized controlled trials and controlled intervention studies with non-fermented control diets. Two primary outcomes were examined: (1) production performance and (2) egg quality. Multilevel random-effects meta-analyses employing restricted maximum likelihood were conducted to address multiple effect sizes. Heterogeneity was evaluated using Cochran’s Q statistic and I² estimates. Meta-regression analyses were performed considering dietary inclusion level, trial duration, and total hens, with subgroup analyses based on fermented feed type, assessment of publication bias using Egger’s test and trim-and-fill methods, and leave-one-study-out sensitivity analysis. Twenty-four studies were included in the quantitative synthesis. Supplementation with fermented feed markedly enhanced the egg-laying rate (MD = 2.11 percentage points; 95% CI: 0.92–3.30; p = 0.0005), Haugh unit (MD = 1.99; 95% CI: 0.61–3.38; p = 0.0048), and eggshell thickness (MD = 0.0081 mm; 95% CI: 0.0037–0.0124; p = 0.0003), whereas no significant overall effect was noted on the feed-to-egg ratio (MD = −0.0384 g feed/g egg; 95% CI: −0.0871–0.0103; p = 0.1218). Significant heterogeneity was observed across outcomes (I² ≈ 73–93%). Subgroup analyses revealed notable feed-type-specific effects, whereas meta-regression indicated that dietary inclusion level is a significant moderator of the feed-to-egg ratio. Sensitivity analysis validated the robustness of the pooled estimates, and publication bias did not significantly influence the results. Supplementation with fermented feed was associated with improvements in egg-laying rate, albumen quality (Haugh unit), and eggshell thickness in laying hens. However, substantial heterogeneity across studies and variability in effect sizes indicate that responses may depend on feed type, inclusion level, and study conditions. These findings should therefore be interpreted with caution, and further well-designed and standardized trials are needed to confirm the consistency and magnitude of these effects.

Bu bölüm, balıklarda sindirim sisteminin morfolojik ve fizyolojik çeşitliliğini kapsamlı bir şekilde incelemektedir. Balıkların beslenme alışkanlıklarına (etçil, otçul, hepçil) göre şekillenen sindirim kanalı yapıları; mideye sahip (gastrik) ve midesiz (agastrik) türler arasındaki temel farklar vurgulanarak ele alınmıştır. Özofagus, mide, intestinal bulbus, pilorik sekum ve bağırsak gibi organların yanı sıra; pankreas ve karaciğerin sindirimdeki kritik rolleri detaylandırılmıştır. Bölümde özellikle protein, lipit ve karbonhidratların enzimatik sindirimi ile bu besin maddelerinin enterositlerdeki moleküler emilim mekanizmaları (PepT1, SGLT1, CD36 gibi taşıyıcılar yardımıyla) güncel literatür ışığında açıklanmıştır. Ayrıca vitamin ve minerallerin emilim süreçleri ile çevresel sıcaklık ve rasyon içeriğinin sindirim verimliliği üzerindeki adaptif etkileri tartışılmaktadır. Bu çalışma, balık besleme stratejilerinin geliştirilmesi ve metabolik süreçlerin anlaşılması için temel bir fizyolojik perspektif sunmaktadır. This chapter provides a comprehensive review of the morphological and physiological diversity of the digestive system in fish. It explores the structures of the alimentary canal shaped by various feeding habits (carnivorous, herbivorous, omnivorous), highlighting the fundamental distinctions between gastric and agastric species. The critical roles of organs such as the esophagus, stomach, intestinal bulb, pyloric caeca, and intestine, alongside accessory organs like the pancreas and liver, are detailed. The chapter specifically explains the enzymatic digestion of proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates, as well as the molecular absorption mechanisms of nutrients (e.g., transporters like PepT1, SGLT1, and CD36) in light of current scientific literature. Furthermore, the absorption processes of vitamins and minerals, and the adaptive impacts of environmental temperature and dietary composition on digestive efficiency are discussed. This study offers an in-depth perspective on the fundamental physiological processes essential for optimizing fish nutrition strategies and understanding metabolic pathways.

Background: Optimizing ruminant diets and mitigating methane emissions using feed additives like yeast cell wall is of growing significance in animal nutrition. Objectives: The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of varying roughage‐to‐concentrate (R:C) ratios and yeast cell wall (YCW) supplementation on rumen fermentation, gas kinetics and methane (CH ₄ ) production using an in vitro modified Hohenheim gas production (GP) system. In addition, in vitro digestibility (true, organic matter and neutral detergent fibre digestibility) was assessed using the ANKOM Daisy ^II incubator. Methods: Both systems employed the same rumen inoculum. A 3 × 2 factorial design was used, involving three different R:C ratios with or without YCW supplementation. The diets were formulated as total mixed rations, comprising roughages (wheat straw, vetch hay in equal proportions) and a concentrate mix at ratios of 30R:70C, 50R:50C and 70R:30C. A YCW supplement containing ∼40% crude protein, a minimum of 18% of mannan‐oligosaccharides and 18% of β‐glucans was added at 1.25 g kg ⁻¹ diet. Results: The results showed that cumulative (48 h) and asymptotic GP did not differ among diets with varying R:C ratios. The 30R:70C diet showed a significantly higher gas rate constant and longer lag time than the other diets. YCW supplementation significantly reduced total and asymptotic GP and increased lag time. Significant R:C × YCW interactions were observed for GP and gas rate constant, as well as for 24 h CH ₄ production. At 48 h, CH ₄ output was similar for the 30R:70C and 50R:50C diets, while 70R:30C diet exhibited significantly lower CH ₄ production than the 30R:70C diet. Increasing roughage proportion reduced digestibility, while pH, volatile fatty acid (VFA) profiles and ammonia nitrogen (NH ₃ ‐N) concentrations remained comparable across diets. YCW supplementation had no significant effect on diet digestibility, pH or VFA profile, although it tended to reduce NH ₃ ‐N levels. YCW supplementation also reduced CH ₄ production, with greater effects observed in high roughage diets. Conclusions: Overall, YCW supplementation reduced total gas and CH ₄ volumes and influenced gas kinetics differently based on the R:C ratio. Further research is recommended to investigate the effects of YCW under different diet compositions, inclusion levels and shorter incubation periods.

Bu bölüm, balıkların yaşamlarını sürdürmesi, büyümesi ve verimli bir şekilde üretilmesi için gerekli olan biyoenerjetik süreçleri ve spesifik besin madde gereksinimlerini kapsamlı bir şekilde incelemektedir. Çalışmada; proteinler, lipitler, karbonhidratlar, vitaminler ve minerallerin balık metabolizmasındaki kritik rolleri güncel bilimsel veriler ışığında detaylandırılmıştır. Balıkların poikilotermik yapıları ve amonyak atılımı gibi karasal çiftlik hayvanlarından ayrılan temel fizyolojik özellikleri vurgulanarak, enerji akışının basamakları ve "Protein Yedekleme Etkisi" (Protein Sparing Effect) gibi hayati kavramlar açıklanmıştır. Ayrıca, deniz ve tatlı su balıkları arasındaki esansiyel yağ asidi gereksinimlerindeki temel farklar, protein-enerji dengesi, minerallerin biyoyararlanımı ve vitaminlerin bağışıklık sistemi üzerindeki etkileri tür bazlı örneklerle ele alınmıştır. Bölüm, sürdürülebilir su ürünleri yetiştiriciliği için rasyon formülasyonunda kullanılan faktöriyel modelleri ve türlere özgü ideal besleme stratejilerini sunarak araştırmacılar ve sektör profesyonelleri için temel bir rehber niteliği taşımaktadır. This chapter provides a comprehensive analysis of the bioenergetic processes and specific nutrient requirements essential for the maintenance, growth, and efficient production of fish. It details the critical roles of proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, vitamins, and minerals in fish metabolism, integrating contemporary scientific data. By highlighting the fundamental physiological distinctions between fish and terrestrial livestock—such as poikilothermy and direct ammonia excretion—the text elucidates the dynamics of energy flow and vital concepts like the "Protein Sparing Effect".Furthermore, the chapter discusses the key differences in essential fatty acid requirements between marine and freshwater species, protein-to-energy ratios, mineral bioavailability, and the significance of vitamins in supporting immune health through species-specific examples. By presenting factorial models for rational diet formulation and optimized feeding strategies for various species, this work serves as an essential guide for researchers and industry professionals aiming for environmental and economic sustainability in aquaculture.